Chapter 11 Flashcards
Regarding the Industrial rev., What? Where? When?
A series of improvements in industrial technology, transformed the process of manu. goods. UK in the late 1700s then diffused to Southern Scotland during the 2nd century. Europe+NA in the 19th century -other regions=20th century
Define cottage industry
Home-based manu.
How did the iron industry benefit from the steam engine?
The steam engine fixed the problem of the difficulty to produce iron bc ovens had to be constantly heated
How is the distribution of steel and iron industry influenced by coal?
W/o coal the steam engine and oven would not have a source of energy resulting in no distribution of steel+iron
Why was development in transportation necessary?
Trans. brought in workers that brought in bulky raw materials such as iron ore+coal+ shipped finished goods to consumers
What two forms of transportation grew rapidly?
1.Canals 2.Railroads
How did the industrial rev. change textiles?
Transformed from a dispersed cottage industry to a concentrated factory system
just a side note about machinery
There was a machine invented to untangle cotton prior to spinning
How did the industrial revolution and factory system contribute to the need for food processing
Canned food was essential to feed factory workers. Workers were used to growing their own food when they lived on farms
U.K. on industrial dev.
I.R. began here. Steel+textiles=19th century -country has attracted international investment through new high tech industries that serve the European markets
Rhine-Ruhr industrial dev.
Iron+steel bc of proximity to large coalfields -Rotterdam=worlds largest port, lies at the mouth of several branches of the Rhine river as it flows into the North Sea.
Mid-Rhine industrial rev.
Europe’s most centrally located industrial area -Frankfurt=financially+commercial center+hub of Germany’s transport network -Stuttgart= high value goods -Mannheim=chemical industry, synthetic fiber-dyes, pharmaceuticals *skilled labor *2nd most imp. goods place for comm+finan. centers
Po Basin industrial rev.
Attracted textiles bc of *1. Numerous workers willing to accept lower wages+inexpensive hydroelectricity from the nearby Alps *N. Italy, low wage workers -machinery=hydro.
N.E. Spain industrial rev.
Fastest-growing manu. area=20th century. -Catalonia=leading industrial area=center of Spain’s textile industry and the country’s largest motor vehicle plant
Moscow industrial rev.
Russia’s oldest industrial region centered around the country’s capital and largest city *textiles
St. Petersburg industrial rev.
2nd largest city -specializes in shipbuilding and other industries serving Russia’s as navy+ports in the Baltic Sea
Urals industrial rev.
Has the world’s most varied collection of minerals -minerals attracted iron+steel, chemicals, machinery, and metal fabricating plants -1000 diff. types of minerals
Volga industrial rev.
contains Russia’s largest petroleum natural gas fields -NE= Ural mount. has more than 1,000 types of minerals, most varied collection found in any mining region in the world
Kuznetsk industrial dev.
Russia’s most imp. manu. district east of the Ural mount. w/t the country’s largest reserve of coal+an abundant supply of iron ore coal+iron ore= steel manu.
Donetsk industrial dev.
In eastern Ukraine, has one of the worlds largest coal reserves+natural gas, iron ore
Silesia industrial dev.
Most rapidly growing industrial area, takes advantage of a skilled but low-paid work force+proximity to wealthy markets in Western Europe -steel pro. good amt. of coal, iron ore is imported
New England industrial rev.
A cotton textile=early 19th century -cotton=imported from Southern states, finished, cotton products were shipped to Europe
Middle Atlantic industrial dev.
Largest U.S. market -region attracts industries that need proximity to a large # of consumers+depend on foreign trade through one of this region’s large ports
Mohawk valley industrial dev.
A linear industrial belt in upper NY, takes adv. of inexpensive electricity generated at nearby Niagara falls Steel+food pro.
Pittsburgh-Lake-Erie industrial dev.
Leading steel-producing area in the 19th century bc of its proximity to Appalachian coal+iron ore steel hub
Western Great Lakes industrial dev.
Centered in-Chicago- is the hub of the nation’s transportation network and is now the center of steel production, any trans.+thru Great Lakes
Southern California industrial dev.
Largest area of clothing+textile production the 2nd largest furniture producer+a major food processing center
Southeastern Ohio industrial dev.
Most imp. industrial area. -Central to the Canadian+U.S. markets+near the Great Lakes+Niagara Falls -access to Canadian market -proximity to Great Lakes
Japan industrial dev.
Industrial power in 1950s+1960s by producing goods that could be sold in large quantities at cut-rate prices to consumers in other countries -Manu.=b/w Tokyo and Nagasaki in the Central region
China Industrial dev.
World’s largest supply of low cost labor Worlds largest market for many consumer products -Manu= Near Guangdong+Hong Kong in the Yangtze River Valley b/w Shanghai+Wuhah and along the Gulf of BoHai from Tianjn+Beijing to Shenyang
South Korea industrial dev.
Leading producer of ocean-going ships -Manu=centered along the rim of the country b/w the capital+largest city=Seoul+Busan, the largest port, followed Japan’s lead in focusing on export, oriented manufacturers.
Define situation factors
Transportation costs
Define site factors
location factors related to land, labor, capital
What is a bulk-reducing industry?
inputs weigh more than the products- Ex: copper
What is a bulk gaining industry?
Final product weighs more than the inputs ex: beverages,steel
Give 2 examples of bulk gaining industry
- Fabricated metals: Factory brings metals as inputs and transforms them into a more complex product
- Beverage production: Input placed in a beverage container is water- (bulky), added ingredients are much less bulky than the water and much easier to transport
Specialized manufacturers make products that are designed to be sold primarily to
one or two customers
Where is the specialized manu. optimum location?
Close proximity to the customers
Describe one example of this phenomenon (optimum location)
- A producer of buttons- clothing manu. may need additional supplies of these pieces on very short notice. *many factories are? in other countries in order to be near its customers- the manu. of clothing
List examples of perishable products that must be located near their markets
Cheese, butter, bread, milk, newspaper
How is a newspaper highly perishable?
It contains dated info.
Why would a truck be selected as a mode of transportation?
short distance, loaded and unloaded quickly and cheaply, don’t have to stop
Why would a train be selected as a mode of transportation?
Destinations that take longer than one day to reach, take longer to load, don’t have to make rests like trucks
Why would a ship be selected as a mode of transportation?
Long distance, low cost per kilo, can cross oceans
Why would an airplane be selected as a mode of transportation?
Most expensive, speedy delivery, reserved for light valuable packages
What is a break of bulk point?
The place where the modes of transportation switch Ex: at a port a products are moved from a ship to a truck
Give two examples of important break-of-bulk points
- Seaports 2. Airports
Show how copper is a bulk reducing industry
- Mining:Copper ore=bulk reducing bc the heavy/bulky one is extracted from mines is mostly waste (gangue) 2. Concentration= Crush and grind the ore into fine particles, mix them etc. near mines bc it transforms copper into a much higher value 3. Smelting= removing impurities+melting, near main inputs to reduce trans. cost 4. Refining- purified is treated, located near smelters
How does energy play a role in the situation of copper mills?
Copper industries try to locate near economical electrical sources and to negotiate favorable rates from power companies
Explain why Pittsburgh, southwestern Pennsylvania
- Iron ore and coal were both mined there=mid 19th century
- remains the center for research and admin.
Locations around southern shore of Lake Erie
- Discovery of rich iron ore in the Mesabi Range- low mount. in northern Minnesota
- Source for virtually all iron ore used in the U.S. steel industry
Southern Lake Michigan (Gary, Indiana and Chicago)
- Changes in steel making required more iron ore in proportion to coal
- New steel mills were built closer to the Mesabi range to minimize trans. cost -coal=Illonois+Appalachia
East and West Coasts (Trenton, NJ, and Los Angeles, CA)
- Coastal locations partly reflected further changes in trans. cost
- Scrap iron+steel were widely available in the large metro. areas of the east and west coasts became an important input in the steel production process
Why are the newest steel mills (minimills) beginning to move closer to markets and away from inputs?
Generally limited to 1 step in the process, steel production is less expensive than integrated mills to build and operate *locate near markets bc their main input (scrap metal) is widely available
Explain how motor vehicle production is a bulk-gaining industry
Many of the parts come into assembly plants and put together
What are the three regions of assembly plants for vehicle production?
- Europe 2.NA 3. East Asia bc they have the most consumers
* 1980-MDCs produced the most steel* 2010-LDCs produced the most steel
Why is vehicle production highly clustered?
Most of the worlds car buyers are there
What are three production cost factors associated with the site of an industry?
1.Labor 2.Land 3.Capital
Define labor intensive industry
An industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high % of expenses
Explain the difference between labor intensive and high wage industries
L.I.: measured as an %
H.W.: measured in $
Describe the relationship b/w capital and the computer industry in Cali.
Banks in Silicon Valley have been willing to provide $ for new software and communications firms
What are several factors about a given piece of land that make it attractive to industry and manu.?
- Considered to encompass natural and human resources
- Proximity to a large local market, convenience in shipping to a national market by rail -proximity to a large supply of labor
What type of worker is required for the textile industry?
less skilled, low cost
What country accounts for most of the worlds spinning and weaving?
China then India
Why do MDCs play a larger role in textile assembly than LDCs?
*More consumers, most of the consumers of assembled products are located in MDCs
Describe air pollution on a global scale
fossil fuels burned= release of CO2 (trace gas) too much CFCs+CO2 in the air-greenhouse effect=heat trapped in the atmosphere=raising of temp.=global warming= ozone damage=too much sun=temp. rise=death
Describe air pollution on a regional scale
Burning fossil fuels=sulfur oxides+nitrogen oxides emitted combine with oxygen+H2o form to be acid rain- it damages vegetation and water supply, kills fish *major emitters: Ohio, Indus. states along the Great Lakes
Describe air pollution on a local scale
carbon monoxide, reduces oxygen level in blood, impairs vision and alertness, threatens those w/t breathing problems, hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight form photochemical smog-causes respiratory probs. stinging in eyes, ugly haze -particulates-dust and smoke particles -Examples: factory smoke, car exhaust
What is the worst form of pollution?
Sky is clear, slight winds, disperses pollutants and then they build
Describe solid waste pollution sanitary landfill
Most common strategy for disposal of solid waste in the U.S.
-more than 1/2 of the country’s waste is trucked to landfills and buried under the soil -# of landfills in the U.S. declined by 3/4ths since 1990 -alt. :incineration
Describe hazardous waste
has heavy metals -mining operations were the largest polluters -ohio had 10 of the 100 largest polluting forms -chemicals could leak into soil, contaminate the ground water or escape into the atmosphere causes cancer, mutations, death, chronic illness
Describe sources of water pollution
Point source-pollution enters water at a specific location -non-point: large, diffused area -main point point source- water using manufactures, municipal sewage -the Aral Sea died bc the SU diverted its tributaries rivers to irrigate cotton fields
Describe the impact of water pollution
oxygen consumed by the decomposing organic waste constitutes the biochemical oxygen demand -water becomes oxygen starved=fish die -water becomes loaded with municipal sewage/industrial waste and loses all of its oxygen to the pollutants
How are manufacturing jobs shifting in the U.S.?
NE lost 6 million jobs b/w 1950-2010, large declines in NY and Pennsylvania -2 mill. jobs were added in the S and w b/w 1950-2009, Cali and Texas has the largest increases
Define right-to-work laws
prevents a union and a company from requiring workers to join a union to be able to work
Why are southern right to work states attractive to companies?
unions require companies to pay their workers more and companies don’t want that bc they want to make as much profit as possible
Why has the textile production moved from the northeast to the southeast?
- prevailing wage rates were much lower in the s.e.
- workers in the s.e. showed little interest in joining the unions
What are the convergence regions?
eastern and Southern Europe where incomes lag behind Europe’s avg.
What are the competitive and employment regions?
Western Europe’s traditional core industrial areas- experienced substantial manu. job losses
What makes Central Europe attractive to manu.s?
*labor and market proximity -workers offer manu.s good value for $, they are less skilled but much cheaper than in W. Europe, more expensive and much more skilled than in Asia+LA *offers close proximity to the wealthy markets of W. Eu
Where has industry shifted internationally? And name each regions leading industrial country(s)
Western Europe to asian countries (east asia) bc they offer most important site factor-LABOR
Why do transnational corporations transfer work to LDCs?
they can make a profit off of cheap labor
Define outsourcing
turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers
Provide an example of an industry that outsources and what do they outsource?
iphone cost=made in Japan, Germany, SK, profits go to U.S. where apple is based, snapping all the parts together at an assembly plant in China
Define maquiladoras
plants in Mexico near the U.S. border
Explain the two major fears of the integration of a North American industry
- Labor leaders fear that most manu. relocate production to Mexico to take advantage of lower wage rates
- Env.’s fear that NAFTA encourages firms to move production to Mexico bc laws governing air and water quality standards are less stringent than in the U.S./Canada
Who are the four BRIC countries and what are they expected to do?
- Brazil, Russia, India+China -China=pass the U.S. as the world’s largest economy around 2020, India=2nd economy around 2035 -2050=Brazil+Russia are expected to rank 6th and 7th
Which country was added to the BRIC countries in 2010 and why?
South Africa bc it has the largest economy and population and land area in Sub.Sah. Africa
What factors influence industry to remain in northeast U.S. or northwest Europe?
- Availability of skilled labor
2. Rapid delivery to market
Define Fordist
*mass production in which each worker is assigned a specific task to perform repeatedly
Define Post-Fordist
Flexible work rules, teams are created to perform a variety of tasks
What benefits do the manu. receive from just-in-time delivery?
- reduces the $ that a manu. must tie up in a wasteful inv.
- reducing the size of the factory
How can labor unrest, traffic, and natural hazards disrupt reliance on just in time delivery?
L.U.-A strike at one supplier plant can shut down the entire production within a couple of days -Traffic: delivers may be delayed when traffic is slowed by accident, construction etc. -natural haz.: poor weather conditions can afflict deliveries anywhere
What are the three ways the U.S. government distinguishes between domestic and foreign vehicles?
- For measuring fuel efficiency: The EPA considers a vehicle domestic if at least 75% of its content comes from NA and Canada?
- For setting import tariffs: A vehicle having at least 50% U.S. and Canadian content
- For informing consumers, a vehicle is domestic if at least 85% of the parts originate in the U.S. and Canada a part is counted as domestic if at least 70% of its overall content comes from the U.S. and Canada
