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Biology 30 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

0
Q

3 functional components in a homeostatic mechanism

A

Receptor: detects change
Control Centre: processes info and sends instructions for response
Effector: carries out response

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a state of biological balance

Maintaining a constant internal environment

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2
Q

What are the two types of feedback systems in homeostasis?

A

Positive feedback: increase the initial fluctuation

Negative feedback: feedback that counteracts the initial fluctuation

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3
Q

What Is Thermoregulation?

A

The ability of an organism to keep its internal temperature within certain boundaries

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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5
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

Recieve and process info

Initiate action

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6
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

Transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body

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7
Q

What are the two sections of the PNS?

A

Motor Neurons

Sensory Neurons

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8
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Carry signals from the CNS that control the activities of muscles and glands

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9
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Carry signals to the CNS from sensory organs

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10
Q

What are the two sections of motor neurons?

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Controls voluntary movement by activating skeletal muscles

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12
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Controls involuntary responses by influencing organs, glands, and smooth muscle

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13
Q

What are the two sections of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division

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14
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

Prepares body for stressful or energetic activity (fight or flight)

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15
Q

What does parasympathetic division do?

A

Dominates during time of rest and rumination

Directs maintenance activities

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16
Q

What are the two sections of the CNS?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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17
Q

What does the brain do?

A

Receives and processes sensory information
Initiates response
Stores memories
Generates thoughts and emotions

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18
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Conducts signals to and from the brain

Controls reflex activities

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19
Q

What is a reflex?

A

autonomic, involuntary responses to changes occurring inside or outside the body

20
Q

Explain the reflex arc

A
  1. The nerve impulse travels from the sensory neurons and relay signals to motor neurons
  2. Interneurons integrate data froms sensory neurons and relay signals to motor neurons
  3. Motor axons convey nerve impulses from the spinal cord to a skeletal muscle
21
Q

Explain the reflex arc pathway

A
  1. Receptor generates nerve impulses due to stimulation
  2. Sensory neurons caries impulse to interneurons int he grey matter of the spinal cord
  3. interneurons pass impulse to motor neurons
  4. motor neurons stimulate effectors
  5. Effector revieves impulse and reacts; glands secrete or muscles contract
22
Q

Electrochemical impulse or electrical impulse?

A

Electrochemical due to J. Bernstons theory due to squid testing

23
Q

What is resting potential?

A

The electrical potential that nerves have at rest

- when nerve is at rest na is on outside and k is on inside

24
What is action potential?
The reversal of charges as the membrane becomes excited - negative charges on the outside - positive charges on the inside
25
What is repolarization?
The potassium gates are open, and potassium rushes out to restore the ion concentration - positive charges on the outside - negative charges on the inside
26
What is the refractory period?
The time it takes to restore the ion concentration, no impulses can occur during this period sodium and potassium pumps sodium out and potassium in to restore polarity nerve takes a certain period of time to recharge
27
What is the charge across the membrane caused by?
Different concentrations of ions on each side of the membrane
28
What does the cerebellum do?
Involved in the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes and body movements like fine, motor skills.
29
What is the medulla oblongata?
Contains centres that control automatic, involuntary responses
30
What does the pons do?
Relay centre between the neurons of the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum, cerebellum and rest of the brain
31
What does the Midbrain do?
Relays visual and auditory info between areas of the hindbrain and forebrain Also plays a role in eye movement
32
What does the thalamus do?
Consists of neurons that provide connections between various parts of the brain
33
What does the hypothalamus do?
Helps to regulate the bodies internal environment as well as certain aspects of behaviour Also major link between nervous and endocrine system
34
What does the cerebrum do?
Divided into right and left hemispheres which contain centres for intellect, memory, consciousness, and language; it interprets and controls the response to sensory information
35
What does the occipital lobe do?
Receive and analyze visual info
36
What do the temporal lobes do?
Share in the processing of visual information, although their main function is auditory reception, also linked to understanding speech and retrieving visual and verbal memories
37
What do the parietal lobes do?
Receive and process sensory information from skin
38
What do the frontal lobes do?
Controls reasoning, critical thinking, memory and personality
39
What is a reflex arc?
Simple connections of neurons that explain reflexive behaviours
40
What are dendrites?
Short branching terminals that receive nerve impulses from other neurons or sensory receptors, and relay the impulse to the cell body
41
What is the cell body?
Contains nucleus and is the site of the cells metabolic reactions, it also processes info from the dendrites, if the input received is large enough, the cell body relays it to the axon, where an impulse is initiated
42
What is an axon?
Conducts impulses away from the cell body.
43
What is the myelin sheath?
Gives axons a glistening white appearance, protects axons (that are called myelinated axons) Shwannn cells form their own myelin by wrapping themselves around an axon. Myelinated is white matter and unmyelinated is grey matter
44
What is the unmyelinated nerve impulse?
Resting membrane potential Action potential Depolarization Repolarozation
45
What is the myelinated nerve impulse?
A series of action potentials
46
What is acetylcholine?
Neurostansmitter that crosses a neuromuscular joint | It excites the muscle cell membrane causing depolarization and contraction of the muscle fiber
47
What is cholinestrase?
Release into a synapse where it breaks down acetylcholine | One of the fastest acting enzymes
48
What is norepinephrine?
A neurotransmitter that has an excitory effect on its target muscles

Biology 30 (2 decks)

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