Chapter 1.1 Flashcards
Component failures
E.g. Breakdowns in sensors and mechanical limit switches
The main causes of production disturbances/stops
Component failures, design, human error and external factors
Design
E.g. Defects in software design, poor coordination of system function, material mismatch with production
Human error
E.g. Errors committed by operators
External factors
E.g. Delivery delays, testing machinery and equipment, mistakes during installation.
Event
Event is something that happens st a given time and place.
The three groups of events
Accident, incident and near miss
Accident
An unplanned event that results or outcomes are not acceptable.
Incident
An unwanted event which, in different circumstances, could have resulted in harm to people, damage to property or loss to a process. However the results are acceptable.
Near miss
An event or situation that does not produce any outcome, but only because if chance.w
Safety pyramid
For every accident there have been a large number of incidents and an even larger number of near misses.
Cause
Cause is a factor or event that produces a second event (results or consequences).
Consequence/Outcome
The result of a specific event, without consideration of exposure.
Effect
Effect is immediately or delayed results of an exposure.
Exposure
State of a specific target being open and vulnerable to the consequence of an event.
Factors that together cause accidents
Personal factors, job factors, and lack of management control factors.
Personal factors
Including inadequate capability, lavk oc knowledge/skill, improper motivation and stress.
Job factors
Including inadequate leadership or supervision, inadequate engineering, inadequate purchasing, inadequate maintenance, inadequate work standards/procedures and inadequate hazard controls.
Lack of management control factors
Including inadequate program, inadequate program standars, inadequate compliance with standars and inadequate hazard control.
Hazard
A condition with the potential of producing an event resulting in death, injury,production loss, environmental damage, and damage to: the plant, the property, the product quality and the business.
Incident scenario
A logical description demonstrating an event path or chain leading from a initiating event to certain consequences via undesired events in a particular propagation time.
Danger
A popular expression covering the subjective perception of hazard or risk.
Risk
The probability that a hazard as an energy with the potential of producing an accident could be released and cause damage to himan, environment and properties.
The formula for risk
Risk = consequences * probability off occurence.
Uncertainty
A state of not knowing whether a decision taken by an individual or an organization ends to a success or a fail situation. A decision is said to be uncertain when more than one outcome is possible for each alternative and the probabilities of these outcomes are unknown.
Safety
A situation without intolerable risks
Risk versus hazard
Hazard always remains as a source of danger, while risk is involved if any action takes place when hazard exists.
Risk analysis
Risk analysis generally involves determination of strategies designed to improve system performance and develop an awareness of the impact of risk and uncertainty on decision problems and processes of policy/strategy formulation concerned with the resolution of these problems.
Sensitivity analysis
Safety analysis can identify potential major contributors to overall uncertainty from a large list if incidents.
Risk ranking matrix
Risk matrix is a tool for semi quantitative risk analysis. It is an effective means of identifying process safety risks and determining the most cost-effective means of reducing the risk.
