Chapter 1.1

Question 0

Component failures

Answer 0

E.g. Breakdowns in sensors and mechanical limit switches

Question 1

The main causes of production disturbances/stops

Answer 1

Component failures, design, human error and external factors

Question 2

Design

Answer 2

E.g. Defects in software design, poor coordination of system function, material mismatch with production

Question 3

Human error

Answer 3

E.g. Errors committed by operators

Question 4

External factors

Answer 4

E.g. Delivery delays, testing machinery and equipment, mistakes during installation.

Question 5

Event

Answer 5

Event is something that happens st a given time and place.

Question 6

The three groups of events

Answer 6

Accident, incident and near miss

Question 7

Accident

Answer 7

An unplanned event that results or outcomes are not acceptable.

Question 8

Incident

Answer 8

An unwanted event which, in different circumstances, could have resulted in harm to people, damage to property or loss to a process. However the results are acceptable.

Question 9

Near miss

Answer 9

An event or situation that does not produce any outcome, but only because if chance.w

Question 10

Safety pyramid

Answer 10

For every accident there have been a large number of incidents and an even larger number of near misses.

Question 11

Cause

Answer 11

Cause is a factor or event that produces a second event (results or consequences).

Question 12

Consequence/Outcome

Answer 12

The result of a specific event, without consideration of exposure.

Question 13

Effect

Answer 13

Effect is immediately or delayed results of an exposure.

Question 14

Exposure

Answer 14

State of a specific target being open and vulnerable to the consequence of an event.

Question 15

Factors that together cause accidents

Answer 15

Personal factors, job factors, and lack of management control factors.

Question 16

Personal factors

Answer 16

Including inadequate capability, lavk oc knowledge/skill, improper motivation and stress.

Question 17

Job factors

Answer 17

Including inadequate leadership or supervision, inadequate engineering, inadequate purchasing, inadequate maintenance, inadequate work standards/procedures and inadequate hazard controls.

Question 18

Lack of management control factors

Answer 18

Including inadequate program, inadequate program standars, inadequate compliance with standars and inadequate hazard control.

Question 19

Hazard

Answer 19

A condition with the potential of producing an event resulting in death, injury,production loss, environmental damage, and damage to: the plant, the property, the product quality and the business.

Question 20

Incident scenario

Answer 20

A logical description demonstrating an event path or chain leading from a initiating event to certain consequences via undesired events in a particular propagation time.

Question 21

Danger

Answer 21

A popular expression covering the subjective perception of hazard or risk.

Question 22

Risk

Answer 22

The probability that a hazard as an energy with the potential of producing an accident could be released and cause damage to himan, environment and properties.

Question 23

The formula for risk

Answer 23

Risk = consequences * probability off occurence.

Question 24

Uncertainty

Answer 24

A state of not knowing whether a decision taken by an individual or an organization ends to a success or a fail situation. A decision is said to be uncertain when more than one outcome is possible for each alternative and the probabilities of these outcomes are unknown.

Question 25

Safety

Answer 25

A situation without intolerable risks

Question 26

Risk versus hazard

Answer 26

Hazard always remains as a source of danger, while risk is involved if any action takes place when hazard exists.

Question 27

Risk analysis

Answer 27

Risk analysis generally involves determination of strategies designed to improve system performance and develop an awareness of the impact of risk and uncertainty on decision problems and processes of policy/strategy formulation concerned with the resolution of these problems.

Question 28

Sensitivity analysis

Answer 28

Safety analysis can identify potential major contributors to overall uncertainty from a large list if incidents.

Question 29

Risk ranking matrix

Answer 29

Risk matrix is a tool for semi quantitative risk analysis. It is an effective means of identifying process safety risks and determining the most cost-effective means of reducing the risk.