Chapter 11

Question 1

Is it possible to have a neutral emotion?

Answer 1

NO: There is no such thing as a neutral emotion

Question 2

Describe Emotion

Answer 2

• -> + or - reactions to particular situations

- -> Patterns of physiological changes and accompanying behaviours or at least urges to perform these behaviour.

Question 3

What are the components of emotion?

Answer 3

1. Behavioural: muscle movement
2. Automatic: Change in the balance btw SNS and PNS
3. Hormonal: Change in the release of NE, Epinephrine and steroid hormones.

Question 4

From where are those hormones secreted?

Answer 4

Adrenal medulla

Question 5

What do they do?

Answer 5

• Increase blood flow to muscles

- Cause nutrients stored in and made available to muscles to be converted into glucose.

Question 6

What are the two main Nucleus in the Amygdala and what are they responsible for?

Answer 6

1. Lateral Nucleus (LA)
2. Central Nucleus (CE)
   - Integrating the components of FEAR !!!!

Question 7

Which one of those nulceus is reponsible for processing of emotinal stimulus and which one is responsible for expression of emotional stimulus?

Answer 7

LA= Processing of emotional stimulus
CN= Critical for the expression of aversive emotional response

Question 8

What are the structures to which LA project to?

see slide 8

Answer 8

1. CN
2. Basal nucleus
3. Ventral striatum (dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus)
4. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 9

What are the structures to which CN project to?

see slide 8

Answer 9

Hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla.

Question 10

What are the consequences of a lesion to CN?

Answer 10

• Prevents fear reactions, decreases stress hormones and stress induced illness.

Question 11

If you stimulate CN which response do you get?

Answer 11

• Causes fear and stress like reactions AND Long term stimulation increases stress induced illness.

Question 12

To which patterns of emotional response is fear subjective to? Desbribe them.
And what structure of the brain is responsible for this ?

Answer 12

• The amygdala
• Conditioned emotional response - Classically conditioned fear response
• Classical conditioning is a kind of learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). Usually, the CS is a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a tuning fork), the US is biologically potent (e.g., the taste of food) and the unconditioned response (UR) to the US is an unlearned reflex response (e.g., salivation). After pairing is repeated (some learning may occur already after only one pairing), the organism exhibits a conditioned response (CR) to the CS when the CS is presented alone

ex: Bunny and Albert, Rat and Shock Dog and Bell (food,salivate)

Question 13

Descibe 3 effects produced by a lesion to the amygdala.

Answer 13

1. Lesions of amygdala decreases emotional responses (worry about being shock won’t happen)
2. Lesions impair conditioned emotional responding
3. Lesions interfere with effects of emotions on memory

Question 14

Which structure is involved in extinction of conditioned emotional responses?

Answer 14

Medial prefrontral cortex

Question 15

Describe the research done by Phelps et al (2004).

What did they conclude?

Answer 15

1.Directly established conditioned emotional response in human subjects
2.Paired appearance of visual sitmulus with electric shocks to wrist.
3. Extinguished response by presenting squares alone, without any shocks
Conclusion: Increased acitivity of medial prefrontal cortex correlated with extinction of conditioned response.

Question 16

What are the 3 subtypes of Agressive behaviour?

Is predation one?

Answer 16

1.Threat behaviour
2.Defensive
3. Submissive
NO predation is not one because it is not considered an emotional behaviour. (need to be cool blooded to kill an animial)

Question 17

Which NT is responsible for the level of aggressiveness of an individual.

Answer 17

Serotonin

Question 18

What is the effect of the destruction of serotonergic axons in forebrain ?

Answer 18

Facilitates aggressive attack

Question 19

What is the effect of serotonerfic synapses?

Answer 19

Inhibits aggression

Question 20

What is the role of a serotonin agonist and give one example.

Answer 20

Exctasy: decreases irritability and aggressiveness.

Question 21

In primate what are the advantages of having a high amount of serotonin? What can it predict?

Answer 21

Serotonin is a good risk factor for dying, so the highest is the amount of serotonin, the more likely a primate is to survive and the less likely he is to pick fights that he can’t dominate. (able to weight the risk of his actions)

Question 22

Which structure plays a role in complex analyses of social situation?

Answer 22

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and includes medial orbitofrontal cotex and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex.

VPFC helps regulate emotions, and integrate emotions into decision making. Required for moral behaviour.

Question 23

What are the consequences of damage to vmPFC?

Answer 23

1.Causes serious and often delibitating impairments of behavioural control and decision making. (consequences of emotional dysregulation)

Question 24

Concerning the trolley problem which involve moral behaviour, describe the consequences of vmPFC in relation to this situation.

Answer 24

• Damage to vmPFC impais moral decision making-utilitatiran decision making because moral dilemas activate vmPFC in fMRI tasks.
• In the trolley problem, difference in moral behaviour only occurs when the decision is a personal moral scenario which implies high emotional content. For example, when the man has to push the other guy by directly pushing him.

Question 25

Concerning the role of the amygdala and the prefrontal cortext which contains the vmPFC, describe how and why adolescent might act differently than an adult.

Answer 25

During adolescence, the amygdala which plays an important role in provoking anger and violent emotional reactions is mature. However, the vmPFC is mature only in early adulthood, and since it plays an important role in supressing such behaviour by making people see the negative consequences, ADOLESCENTS are BAD to make long term decision.

Question 26

Descibe the aggressive behaviour in rodents males in relation to the hormonal control of aggressive behaviour.

Answer 26

1- In rodents, adrogen secretion occurs prenatally, decreases, and inceases again at purberty. Intermale agressiveness increases at puberty.

Question 27

Descibe the aggressive behaviour in rodents females in relation to the hormonal control of aggressive behaviour.

Answer 27

Females are less aggressive than males, but aggression apprears to be facilitated by testosterone.

Question 28

Describe the effect of prenatal androgenization.

Answer 28

Increases aggressive behaviour in all species that have been studied, including primate so that there is high evidence that it should have the same effect in humans too. However, it is difficult to separate socialization of aggression from physiology.

Question 29

True or false?

1M female twins are more ________ than 1F (0)

Answer 29

TRUE: more sensitive to the androgen that they produce themselves in the placenta.

Question 30

Recall what is Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

It _________ aggression?

Answer 30

Increases (exposed to androgen during development because of adrenal glands secreting it)

Question 31

What are the evidence supporting that facial expression of emotions are ______ ?

Answer 31

Facial expression of emotions appear to be innate.

Cross cultural sutides and studies of blind children support belief that facial expressions of emotion are innate.

Question 32

The recognition of emotion (particularly from the tone of voice) happens in which hemisphere?

Answer 32

RIGHT lateralized

Question 33

Damages to which structure will cause an impairment of recognizing fearfull faces but not happy ones?

Answer 33

Amygdala. Receives some visual input from thalamus directly.

Question 34

Describe affective blinsight and its relationship with the amygdala.

Answer 34

Afffective blindsigth: emotional processing in people who are blind. Poeple who are blind have damage to V1, but still have visual input to the amygdala. Show them a picture of a fearful face and ask them, do you see something: they will say not but if you ask them what emotion is this face representing? they will say fear.
ACTIVATION OF AMYGDALA.

Question 35

Complete the following:

Better at recognizing angry expressions directed at ____, and ___expressions directed elsewhere- biological relevance

Answer 35

YOU, FEARFUL