Chapter 11 Flashcards
Archaic Homo sapiens
A transitional group between Homo erectus and modern Homo sapiens, exhibiting increased brain size and varied anatomical features across regions.
Middle Pleistocene
A period (~780,000 to 125,000 years ago) marked by significant climatic fluctuations, influencing hominin evolution.
Glacial/Interglacial Periods
Alternating cold (glacial) and warm (interglacial) phases during the Pleistocene, impacting sea levels and habitats.
Midfacial Prognathism
Forward projection of the middle facial region, notably seen in Neanderthals.
Occipital Bun
A prominent bulge at the back of the skull, characteristic of Neanderthals.
Retromolar Gap
A space behind the last molar tooth, commonly found in Neanderthal mandibles.
Infraorbital Foramina
Openings below the eye sockets; enlarged in Neanderthals, possibly aiding blood flow in cold climates.
Bergmann’s Rule
Principle stating that larger body sizes are found in colder environments to conserve heat.
Allen’s Rule
Principle stating that shorter limbs are found in colder climates to minimize heat loss.
Neanderthals
A distinct group of Archaic Homo sapiens adapted to cold climates, with unique anatomical and cultural traits.
Atapuerca 5
A fossil specimen from Spain exhibiting traits transitional between Homo erectus and modern humans.
Dali Cranium
A fossil from China representing Asian Archaic Homo sapiens with robust features.
Broken Hill Man
A fossil from Zambia showing a mix of Homo erectus and modern human features.
Middle Stone Age (MSA)
A period in Africa (~300,000 to 30,000 years ago) characterized by specific stone tool technologies and early modern human behaviors.
Cultural Innovations
Developments such as tool-making, use of fire, and symbolic behavior emerging during the Middle Pleistocene.
