Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is meant by the general formula ?
the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series eg CnH2n+2
What is meant by the term structural formula ?
the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
What is meant by the term displayed formula ?
the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them ( diagram like )
What is meant by the term skeletal formula ?
the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
What is meant by the term homologous series ?
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
What is meant by the term functional group ?
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
What is meant by the term alkyl group ?
a functional group composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms (formula CnH2n+1)
What is meant by the term aliphatic ?
a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
What is meant by the term alicyclic ?
an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
What is meant by the term aromatic ?
Noun = arene
Compound containing a benzene ring
What does it mean for a hydrocarbon to be saturated ?
Hydrocarbon contains single carbon–carbon bonds only
What does it mean for a hydrocarbon to be unsaturated ?
the presence of multiple carbon–carbon bonds, including C=C, C≡C and aromatic rings in a hydrocarbon
Alkenes :
functional group
prefix / suffix
general formula
C=C
-ene
CnH2n
Alcohols :
functional group
prefix / suffix
general formula
-OH
Hydroxy-, -ol
CnH2n+1OH
Haloalkanes :
functional group
prefix / suffix
general formula
-Cl, -Br, -I
Chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
CnH2n+1”X”
Aldehydes :
functional group
prefix / suffix
general formula
-CHO
-al
CnH2n+1–CHO
Ketones :
functional group
prefix / suffix
general formula
-C(CO)C-
-one
CnH2nO
Carboxylic acid :
functional group
prefix / suffix
general formula
-COOH
-oic acid
CnH2n+1COOH
How do you name aliphatic alkanes ?
1) Find the longest continuous carbon chain and name from this parent chain.
2) Identify any side chains on the parent chain. These are alkyl groups, and are formed
by removing a hydrogen from a straight chain alkane. Replace -ane with -yl, eg CH 3 -
is methyl. This is added as a prefix.
3) Add numbers before the alkyl prefixes to show their position on the parent chain.
How do you name alicylic alkanes ?
1) Identify the longest continuous chain of Carbon atoms
2) Add the prefix cyclo to the alkane name
How do you name simple alkenes ?
1) Name as you would with alkanes, suffix -ene though
2) If the longest continuous chain of Carbon atoms is 4 or more Carbons long, the position of the C=C should be stated.
How do you name more complex alkenes ?
1) Find the longest chain of Carbon atoms and identify the position of the double bond(s)
2) Name side groups alphabetically
3) Give every side group a number.
How do you name compounds with functional groups ?
1) Find the longest continuous chain of Carbon atoms - this gives the stem of the name
2) Identify any functional groups and alkyl side chains, and decide on their prefixes/suffixes
3) Assign any numbers to the functional groups and/or alkyl side chains, to describe their position on the longest Carbon chain
How do you name alcohols ?
1) Number the position of the alcohol group
2) Give the alcohol the lowest number and also number the alkyl groups
How do you name halogenoalkanes ?
1) Prefix = fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
2) Name side groups in alphabetical order ( ignoring di/tetra etc )
3) Number from the end that gives the lowest total number overall
Why is Carbon unique in terms of its properties ( used in organic chemistry ) ?
*All carbon compounds are covalent rather than ionic
* Carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer shell – too many to lose or gain – the ions would
have +4 or -4 (too highly charged)
* Methane(CH 4 ) C shares 4 electrons with 4 H atoms
* Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with itself to form rings and chains this is called
catenation
* Each C atom can form 4 covalent bonds- chains may be straight or branched and can
have other atoms or groups substituted on to them
* it is the perfect size and can bond using its orbitals in a unique way: it is capable of extensive variation in the mixing of its orbital (hybridisation) to form
bonds.
What is meant by the term “ structural isomer “
Compounds with the same molecular formula but
different structural formulae - the atoms are bonded in a different order: they differ in the way their atoms are arranged
What is chain isomerism ?
Carbon units in different positions ( straight chain vs branched )
What is positional isomerism ?
Same functional group but in different positions along the carbon chain
What is functional group isomerism ?
Different functional groups
What is homolytic fission ?
A way in which a covalent bond is broken where each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, to form two radicals
What is heterolytic fission ?
A way in which a covalent bond is broken where one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair ( ions may be formed )
What is meant by the term “ radical “ ?
An atom or group of atoms ( species ) with an unpaired electron(s)
How are species that are “ radical “ represented in mechanisms ?
‘dots’ are used to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms
What is a curly arrow used to explain and describe ?
a ‘curly arrow’ is used to show the movement of an electron pair when bonds are either broken or made, to show either heterolytic fission or formation of a covalent bond
What are reaction mechanisms used to show and what do they include ?
Reaction mechanisms clearly show the movement of an electron pair with ‘curly arrows’ and relevant dipoles
What is an addition reaction ?
Two reactant molecules join together to form one product
What is a substitution reaction ?
An atom or group of atoms is replaced by an atom or group of atoms
What is an elimination reaction ?
A small molecule is removed from a larger molecule
