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Biology final > Chapter 11-18 > Flashcards

Chapter 11-18 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the sequence of life?

A

prokaryotes became eukaryotic, eukaryotic changed into multi organisms. then cam to land

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2
Q

RNA came before what

A

DNA

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3
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

bacteria and archaea are domain

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4
Q

what do endotoxins in pathogens do?

A

part of bacteria’s membrane

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5
Q

exotoxins?

A

send toxin out of themselves

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6
Q

what are protists?

A

Anything that is not animal like

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7
Q

what are protozoans?

A

animal like

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8
Q

algea?

A

plants like

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9
Q

What is the difference between Algea and plants?

A

algea has to be in water

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10
Q

what are shoots in plants?

A

leaves and the stem

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11
Q

What is the mycorrhizae?

A

fungi that gives them food

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12
Q

What does a xylem do?

A

carriers water

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13
Q

What does a pholem do?

A

carriers food and sugar

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14
Q

what is a gametangia?

A

a gamete making structure

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15
Q

Where do mosses live?

A

Live in water because they are non vascular so the cells are hydrated.

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16
Q

What are ferns?

A

they are plants that can be out of water but must live near it because they are vascular. (xylum and pholem)

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17
Q

gymnosperms?

A

Have cones that land on other cones

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18
Q

angiosperms?

A

flowers and fruits

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19
Q

What are the advantages of plants

A

food, lumber, oxygen, and fossil fuels

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20
Q

what are the disadvantages of plants?

A

heroine, bad drugs

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21
Q

What are fungi?

A

hyphae, mycellium, and sporangia

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22
Q

What are spores?

A

ferns, mosses, and fungus

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23
Q

benefits of fungus

A

decompose, medicine

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24
Q

disadvantages of fungus

A

decompose, parasites, drugs

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25
Q

what is in an animal?

A

multicellular, no cell wall

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26
Q

what is a body cavity?

A

space between outer coleum

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27
Q

what are echinoderms grouped with

A

vertebrates

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28
Q

patterns of evolution

A

fish to reptiles, to birds and mammles

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29
Q

what types of reproduction are there

A

egg laying, pouch, carrying in womb

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30
Q

sequence of events for humans

A

started as primates, humans got out of trees and lived in grasslands.

then made tools, fire and wore cloth. left africa, neanderthals.

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31
Q

what did modern humans have

A

art and agriculture

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32
Q

what happened when the humans met the neanderthals?

A

they killed them off

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33
Q

what are the direct values of biodiversity?

A

physically eating, hunting

34
Q

indirect values of biodiversity

A

don’t notice it but we benefit from it

35
Q

threats to biodiversity

A

habitat loss, exotic species and pollution, disease

36
Q

conservation of biodiversity

A

keeping what is already there

37
Q

restoration of biodiversity

A

putting back what used to be there

38
Q

what can gene expression do

A

turn a gene off and on when needed

39
Q

what are the control sequences?

A

promoter, operator, and repressor

40
Q

what does promoter do?

A

where everything starts

41
Q

what does the operator do

A

the on and off switch

42
Q

what does the repressor do

A

turns gene off

43
Q

what operating system do prokaryotes have?

A

simple

44
Q

operating system do eukaryotes have?

A

complex

45
Q

what does a bar body do?

A

turns off entire chromosome

46
Q

what does transcription do

A

on off switch

47
Q

what can alternate RNA splicing do

A

can cut introns of mRNA

48
Q

what do homeotic genes?

A

they tell which body parts to develop where

49
Q

advantage of stem cells

A

can turn into any cell you need

50
Q

disadvantages of stem cells

A

have to destroy embryo

51
Q

gene cloning

A

producing many identical genes at from one

52
Q

PCR?

A

making a bunch of copies of segment of DNA for evidence (CSI)

53
Q

What do transgenic do?

A

transfers genes from one organism to another

54
Q

what does gene therapy do?

A

replaces diseased gene with a healthier one

55
Q

what is evolution?

A

the change in genetics of a species over time

56
Q

Evidence of evolution

A

fossils, extinctions, biogeographical and biochemical evidence and anatomical evidence

57
Q

what is biogeographical evidence?

A

same area same genetics

58
Q

what is biochemical evidence?

A

have some basic molecules

59
Q

what is anatomical evidence?

A

we all have same Characteristics at one time

60
Q

what is a homologous structure?

A

same function, same structure (built same way and does same job)

61
Q

what is a analogous structure?

A

same function but different structure

62
Q

what is a vestigial structure?

A

fully functional in one group but absent in others

63
Q

what is microevolution?

A

a change in gene frequencies within a population, doesn

t change into a new species

64
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

different genes separate from each other, changes into new speciesp

65
Q

P?

A

AA

66
Q

2PQ?

A

Aa

67
Q

Q?

A

aa

68
Q

what are mutations?

A

typos when gene is created

69
Q

genetic drift?

A

certain alleles surviving by chance

70
Q

gene flow?

A

movement of alleles between population

71
Q

non random mating?

A

choose mating

72
Q

what is natural selection?

A

survival of the fittest

73
Q

what does stabilizing do?

A

mainstream organisms, the middle

74
Q

what is directional natural selection?

A

favors one extreme over the other

75
Q

what does disruptive natural selection do?

A

favors only the extremes

76
Q

what is allopatric specification?

A

where two groups are physically separated from eachother

77
Q

what is sympatric specification?

A

stay in same place but something changes behavior wise

78
Q

what does punctuated mean?

A

abruptly happens

79
Q

what does gradualism mean?

A

gradually happens

80
Q

what does clade do?

A

anything that comes afters the start (V-shape)

81
Q

What is a cladeogram?

A

a family tree

Biology final (1 decks)

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