Chapter 11 Flashcards
What principle was established by the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
Judicial Review
What principle was established by the Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?
Federal laws take precedence over state laws
What authority was expanded by the Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)?
Interstate commerce regulation
What was a key ruling in the Supreme Court case Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)?
African Americans could not be U.S. citizens
How did the 14th Amendment influence the concept of due process?
Due process applies to state governments
What doctrine was established by the 14th Amendment’s due process clause?
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
What was the impact of the Supreme Court decision in United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895)?
Limited federal power to regulate monopolies
What was the impact of the Supreme Court decision in Debs v. United States (1895)?
Allowed federal intervention in labor disputes
What set of policies by President Roosevelt led to a constitutional crisis in the 1930s?
The New Deal
What was President Roosevelt’s proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court called?
Court-packing plan
Which Supreme Court case upheld a state minimum wage law, marking a shift in the Court’s views during the Great Depression?
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
Which Supreme Court case declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional?
Brown v. Board of Education
What principle was established by the Supreme Court cases Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims?
One person, one vote
Which Supreme Court case expanded criminal procedure protections by establishing the Miranda rights?
Miranda v. Arizona
Which Supreme Court case protected free speech by establishing the actual malice standard for press reports about public officials?
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
Which Supreme Court case established a right to privacy, particularly in marital relations?
Griswold v. Connecticut
Which Supreme Court case struck down laws banning interracial marriage?
Loving v. Virginia
How did Chief Justice Earl Warren change the Supreme Court during his tenure?
Expanded civil rights and constitutional protections
During which era did the Supreme Court begin to play a dramatic role in protecting civil liberties?
The Warren Court
Which Supreme Court case upheld the Wagner Act, a crucial piece of New Deal legislation regulating labor relations?
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Why are U.S. District Courts called “Constitutional Courts”?
Why are U.S. District Courts called “Constitutional Courts”
What types of cases fall under the jurisdiction of U.S. District Courts?
Federal questions, diversity cases, civil cases, admiralty and maritime cases, bankruptcy proceedings, cases involving federal administrative agencies, and naturalization of aliens.
What does it mean that U.S. District Courts are courts of original jurisdiction?
They are the first courts to hear cases, usually in a trial setting
What is the primary difference in function between a Grand Jury and a Petit Jury?
Grand Jury: Determines probable cause for indictment; Petit Jury: Decides verdict in trial.
What is the typical size of a Grand Jury compared to a Petit Jury?
Grand Jury: 15 to 23 people; Petit Jury: 6 to 12 members.
What is the difference in the duration of service between a Grand Jury and a Petit Jury?
Grand Jury: Serves up to 18 months; Petit Jury: Serves for a single trial.
How does evidence consideration differ between a Grand Jury and a Petit Jury?
Grand Jury: Can consider almost any evidence; Petit Jury: Considers only trial evidence.
What is the difference in decision requirements between a Grand Jury and a Petit Jury?
Grand Jury: Decision to indict does not have to be unanimous; Petit Jury: Decision to convict must be unanimous.
What are the general responsibilities of officers of the court?
Upholding the law, promoting justice, and obeying court rules.
What are the specific duties of the United States Attorney?
Prosecuting federal crimes and representing the U.S. in civil cases.
What are the responsibilities of a United States Magistrate?
Presiding over civil jury trials, conducting initial appearances, and issuing warrants.
What are the typical duties of Bankruptcy Judges?
Preside over bankruptcy cases and make determinations on bankruptcy petitions.
What are the responsibilities of the United States Marshal?
Apprehending fugitives, transporting prisoners, and protecting the judiciary.
What distinguishes Legislative Courts from Constitutional Courts?
They are created under Article I of the Constitution to handle specific issues.
How do Legislative Courts help Congress exercise its powers?
They help Congress exercise its powers by adjudicating specific issues related to federal law.
How are federal judges selected?
The President appoints them with the advice and consent of the Senate.
How long do federal judges serve, and why is this significant?
They serve for life, granting freedom from public or political pressure.
What factors influence the selection of federal judges?
Party affiliation, judicial philosophy, senatorial courtesy, and background.
What is a common background for federal judges?
They have served as law school professors, members of Congress, or state court judges.
Who were Thurgood Marshall and Sandra Day O’Connor in the context of the Supreme Court?
Thurgood Marshall and Sandra Day O’Connor were the first African American and female Supreme Court justices, respectively.
