Chapter 11 Flashcards
Include commensal and parasitic unicells such as Chilomastix and Retortamonas
Lack mitochondria and Golgi bodies, which indicate ancestors may have diverged before endosymbiosis occurred.
Phylum Retortamonads
Lack mitochondria but have mitochondrial genes in the cell nucleus
Giardia inhabits the digestive tract of humans, birds, and amphibians where infection is by ingestion of cysts in contaminated water.
Diplomonads
Often causes diarrhea in humans
Giardia lamblia
Has medical and veterinary importance
Infects the urogenital tract of humans
Sexually transmitted but has NO symptoms in males yet causes vaginitis in females
Trichomonas vaginalis
Mutualistic symbionts in termites and wood-eating cockroaches
Trichonympha, Spirotrichonympha, Eucomonympha, and Teranympha
Can have amebic stages that feed on bacteria but can transform to flagellated stage when food sources are exhausted
Naegleria gruberi
Causes a few human deaths each year
Lives in hot pools and migrates along olfactory nerves to brain when inhaled causing amebic meningoencephalitis
Naelgeria fowleri
Found in freshwater with abundant vegetation
Spindle-shaped with flexible pellicle
Flagellum extends from flask-shaped reservoir at the anterior end
Kinetosome located at the base of the flagellum
Red eye spot or stigma functions in orientation to light
Euglena viridis
Trypanosoma is one of the most studied groups
Subphylum Kinetoplasta
Inhabit the blood of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
Some are not pathogenic buy many cause severe diseases in humans and domesticated animals
Usually transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina sp.)
Trypanosoma
Causes African sleeping sickness in humans
At least 10,000 new cases per year with about half being fatal while the rest suffer from permanent brain damage.
Causes a similar sleeping disease in domestic animals.
Natural reservoir in antelope and many wild mammals that do not appear to be harmed by this parasite.
Trypanosoma brucei
Causes Chagas disease, which affects central and peripheral nervous system of children more severely than adults in Central and South America.
Transmitted by “kissing bugs” (Triatominae) due to bug’s habit of biting the face.
2 to 3 million affected and about 45,000 die per year.
Trypanosoma cruzi
Can cause skin lesions, mucous membrane disfiguring of nose and throat along with liver and spleen damage.
Transmitted by sand flies around the world.
Leishmania sp.
Leimaniasis
Lives in the intestine of humans, pigs, rats and other mammals
Some strains host-specific; not widely transmitted to other creatures
Transferred via fecal contamination of food and water around
Balantidium coli
Causes the fish disease “ick” that impacts many exotic aquarium fishes
Ichthyophthirius sp.
Generally feeds on bacteria and algae (can temporarily use energy stored in algal chlororplasts)
Releases short-lived toxins when exposed to fish excreta that can stun or kill fish and can create lesions that affect fish along the Atlantic coast of the USA.
Pfiesteria piscicida
Best-known coccidian and the most important infectious disease of humans
Four species infect humans with each having different clinical symptoms
Anopheles mosquitoes carry all four forms
Phylum Apicomplexa
Plasmodium
Kills cells of the human cornea
Spread by contact lenses that are not properly disinfected
Acanthamoeba castellani
Lives in large intestine of humans
Invade the intestinal wall by secreting enzymes that attack the intestinal lining that can lead to amebic dystentery
Carried in the blood to the liver and other organs causing damage
Passed on via contaminated food and water
Entamoeba histolytica
