Chapter 1.1 - 1.6 Flashcards
A form of nonvolatile secondary memory composed of rotating platters coated with a magnetic recording material
Magnetic disk
A nonvolatile semiconductor memory often used as secondary memory for personal mobile devices.
Flash Memory
A form of memory that retains data in the absence of a power.
Nonvolatile Memory
A form of memory that retains data only if the memory is receiving power.
Volatile Memory
Memory layer used to store programs and data between runs.
Secondary Memory
Memory layer used to hold programs and data while programs are running.
Main Memory
Silicon is a ____ element found in ___
sand
The manufacturing process begins with a silicon ___
ingot
Blank wafers undergo 20 to 40 chemical processing steps to create _____.
transistors, conductors, or insulators.
A wafer tester evaluates the patterned wafer for the presence of
defects
After the patterned wafer is chopped up into dies, the dies are _____.
packaged and shipped
represent the design at different levels of representation; lower-level details are hidden to offer a simpler model at higher levels.
abstractions
moves multiple operations through hardware units that each do a piece of an operation, akin to water flowing through a pipeline.
pipelining
Software that provides services that are commonly useful, including operating systems, compilers, loaders, and assemblers.
Systems software
Supervising program that manages the resources of a computer for the benefit of the programs that run on that computer.
Operating system
A program that translates a symbolic version of instructions into the binary version.
Assembler
A symbolic representation of machine instructions. Example: add A,B
Assembly language
A binary representation of machine instructions. Example 101011101
Machine language
A portable language such as C, C++, Java, or Visual Basic that is composed of words and algebraic notation that can be translated by a compiler into assembly language.
High-level programming language
five classic components of a computer
input, output, memory, datapath, and control
A liquid crystal display using a transistor to control the transmission of light at each individual pixel.
Active matrix display
A display technology using a thin layer of liquid polymers that can be used to transmit or block light according to whether a charge is applied.
Liquid crystal display
The component of the processor that performs arithmetic operations.
Datapath
The component of the processor that commands the datapath, memory, and I/O devices according to the instructions of the program.
Control
The storage area in which programs are kept when they are running and that contains the data needed by the running programs.
Memory
Memory built as an integrated circuit; it provides random access to any location. Access times are 50 nanoseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2020 was $3 to $6.
Dynamic random access memory (DRAM)
A small, fast memory that acts as a buffer for a slower, larger memory.
Cache memory
Also memory built as an integrated circuit, but faster and less dense than DRAM.
Static random access memory (SRAM)
Hardware that obeys the architecture abstraction.
Implementation
An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest-level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly, including instructions, registers, memory access, I/O, and so on.
Instruction set architecture AKA architecture.
An on/off switch controlled by an electric signal.
Transistor
A device containing hundreds of thousands to millions of transistors.
Very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuit
A substance that does not conduct electricity well.
Semiconductor
A natural element that is a semiconductor.
Silicon
: A rod composed of a silicon crystal that is between 8 and 12 inches in diameter and about 12 to 24 inches long.
Silicon crystal ingot
A slice from a silicon ingot no more than 0.1 inches thick, used to create chips
Wafer
A microscopic flaw in a wafer or in patterning steps that can result in the failure of the die
Defect
The individual rectangular sections that are cut from a wafer
Die/chip
Also called execution time. The total time required for the computer to complete a task, including disk accesses, memory accesses, I/O activities, operating system overhead, CPU execution time, and so on.
Response time
Also called bandwidth. Another measure of performance, it is the number of tasks completed per unit time.
Throughput
Also called CPU time. The actual time the CPU spends computing for a specific task.
CPU execution time
The CPU time spent in a program itself.
User CPU time
The CPU time spent in the operating system performing tasks on behalf of the program.
System CPU time
The time for one clock period, usually of the processor clock, which runs at a constant rate.
Clock cycle time
The length of each clock cycle.
Clock period
Average number of clock cycles per instruction for a program or program fragment.
Clock cycles per instruction (CPI)
A measure of the dynamic frequency of instructions across one or many programs.
Instruction mix
CPU Performance is the same as ___
User CPU time
System performance is the same as ___
Elapsed time
Decreasing ___ almost always improves throughput.
response time
Clock rate is the inverse of ___
clock period
Clock cycle time is the inverse of ___
clock rate
CPU time is the inverse of ___
performance
