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Computer Architecture > Chapter 1.1 - 1.6 > Flashcards

Chapter 1.1 - 1.6 Flashcards

1
Q

A form of nonvolatile secondary memory composed of rotating platters coated with a magnetic recording material

A

Magnetic disk

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2
Q

A nonvolatile semiconductor memory often used as secondary memory for personal mobile devices.

A

Flash Memory

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3
Q

A form of memory that retains data in the absence of a power.

A

Nonvolatile Memory

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4
Q

A form of memory that retains data only if the memory is receiving power.

A

Volatile Memory

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5
Q

Memory layer used to store programs and data between runs.

A

Secondary Memory

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6
Q

Memory layer used to hold programs and data while programs are running.

A

Main Memory

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7
Q

Silicon is a ____ element found in ___

A

sand

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8
Q

The manufacturing process begins with a silicon ___

A

ingot

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9
Q

Blank wafers undergo 20 to 40 chemical processing steps to create _____.

A

transistors, conductors, or insulators.

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10
Q

A wafer tester evaluates the patterned wafer for the presence of

A

defects

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11
Q

After the patterned wafer is chopped up into dies, the dies are _____.

A

packaged and shipped

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12
Q

represent the design at different levels of representation; lower-level details are hidden to offer a simpler model at higher levels.

A

abstractions

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13
Q

moves multiple operations through hardware units that each do a piece of an operation, akin to water flowing through a pipeline.

A

pipelining

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14
Q

Software that provides services that are commonly useful, including operating systems, compilers, loaders, and assemblers.

A

Systems software

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15
Q

Supervising program that manages the resources of a computer for the benefit of the programs that run on that computer.

A

Operating system

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16
Q

A program that translates a symbolic version of instructions into the binary version.

A

Assembler

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17
Q

A symbolic representation of machine instructions. Example: add A,B

A

Assembly language

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18
Q

A binary representation of machine instructions. Example 101011101

A

Machine language

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19
Q

A portable language such as C, C++, Java, or Visual Basic that is composed of words and algebraic notation that can be translated by a compiler into assembly language.

A

High-level programming language

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20
Q

five classic components of a computer

A

input, output, memory, datapath, and control

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21
Q

A liquid crystal display using a transistor to control the transmission of light at each individual pixel.

A

Active matrix display

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22
Q

A display technology using a thin layer of liquid polymers that can be used to transmit or block light according to whether a charge is applied.

A

Liquid crystal display

23
Q

The component of the processor that performs arithmetic operations.

A

Datapath

24
Q

The component of the processor that commands the datapath, memory, and I/O devices according to the instructions of the program.

A

Control

25
Q

The storage area in which programs are kept when they are running and that contains the data needed by the running programs.

A

Memory

26
Q

Memory built as an integrated circuit; it provides random access to any location. Access times are 50 nanoseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2020 was $3 to $6.

A

Dynamic random access memory (DRAM)

27
Q

A small, fast memory that acts as a buffer for a slower, larger memory.

A

Cache memory

28
Q

Also memory built as an integrated circuit, but faster and less dense than DRAM.

A

Static random access memory (SRAM)

29
Q

Hardware that obeys the architecture abstraction.

A

Implementation

30
Q

An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest-level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly, including instructions, registers, memory access, I/O, and so on.

A

Instruction set architecture AKA architecture.

31
Q

An on/off switch controlled by an electric signal.

A

Transistor

32
Q

A device containing hundreds of thousands to millions of transistors.

A

Very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuit

33
Q

A substance that does not conduct electricity well.

A

Semiconductor

34
Q

A natural element that is a semiconductor.

A

Silicon

35
Q

: A rod composed of a silicon crystal that is between 8 and 12 inches in diameter and about 12 to 24 inches long.

A

Silicon crystal ingot

36
Q

A slice from a silicon ingot no more than 0.1 inches thick, used to create chips

A

Wafer

37
Q

A microscopic flaw in a wafer or in patterning steps that can result in the failure of the die

A

Defect

38
Q

The individual rectangular sections that are cut from a wafer

A

Die/chip

39
Q

Also called execution time. The total time required for the computer to complete a task, including disk accesses, memory accesses, I/O activities, operating system overhead, CPU execution time, and so on.

A

Response time

40
Q

Also called bandwidth. Another measure of performance, it is the number of tasks completed per unit time.

A

Throughput

41
Q

Also called CPU time. The actual time the CPU spends computing for a specific task.

A

CPU execution time

42
Q

The CPU time spent in a program itself.

A

User CPU time

43
Q

The CPU time spent in the operating system performing tasks on behalf of the program.

A

System CPU time

44
Q

The time for one clock period, usually of the processor clock, which runs at a constant rate.

A

Clock cycle time

45
Q

The length of each clock cycle.

A

Clock period

46
Q

Average number of clock cycles per instruction for a program or program fragment.

A

Clock cycles per instruction (CPI)

47
Q

A measure of the dynamic frequency of instructions across one or many programs.

A

Instruction mix

48
Q

CPU Performance is the same as ___

A

User CPU time

49
Q

System performance is the same as ___

A

Elapsed time

50
Q

Decreasing ___ almost always improves throughput.

A

response time

51
Q

Clock rate is the inverse of ___

A

clock period

52
Q

Clock cycle time is the inverse of ___

A

clock rate

53
Q

CPU time is the inverse of ___

A

performance

Computer Architecture (5 decks)

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