Chapter 11:

Question 1

language

Answer 1

systems of communication using sounds or symbols, express feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences.

Question 2

hierarchical system

Answer 2

components that can be combined to form larger units

Question 3

governed by rules

Answer 3

specific ways components can be arranged

Question 4

the university of language

Answer 4

deaf children invent sign language, all cultures have a language, language development is similar across cultures, languages are “unique but the same”.

Question 5

B.F. Skinner Verbal behavior experiment

Answer 5

language learned through reinforcement

Question 6

Noam Chomsky Syntactic Structures

Answer 6

human language coded in the genes, underlying basis of all language is similar, children produces sentences they have never heard and that have never been reinforced.

Question 7

psycholinguistics

Answer 7

discover psychological process by which humans acquire and process language - comprehension, speech production, representation, and acquisition.

Question 8

Lexicon

Answer 8

all words a person understands

Question 9

phoneme

Answer 9

shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word

Question 10

morphemes

Answer 10

smallest unit of language that has meaning or grammatical function

Question 11

lexical semantics

Answer 11

the meaning of words, each word has one or more meanings.

Question 12

phenomic restoration effect

Answer 12

“fill in” missing phonemes based on context of sentence and portion of word presented.

Question 13

word frequency effect

Answer 13

we respond faster to high-frequency words. Rayner and Duffy fixation and gaze times - eye movements while reading, look at low-frequency words longer.

Question 14

variable word punctuation

Answer 14

use context to understand words with unfamiliar pronunciations.

Question 15

age of acquisition

Answer 15

words learned earlier in life are processed faster than those learned later

Question 16

word length

Answer 16

shorter words are processed faster than longer words, and are often skipped in sentence reading

Question 17

contextual constraint

Answer 17

words in highly constrained sentences are processed faster and more likely to be skipped.

Question 18

speech segmentation

Answer 18

perception of individual words even though there are no silences between spoken words - context, understanding of meaning, understanding of sounds and syntactic rules, statistical learning.

Question 19

Lexical ambiguity

Answer 19

words have more than one meaning, context clears up ambiguity after all meanings of a word have been briefly accessed.

Question 20

meaning dominance

Answer 20

some meanings of words are used more frequently than others

Question 21

biased dominance

Answer 21

when words have two