Chapter 11 & 14

Question 1

crossing over

Answer 1

exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids resulting in chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism

Question 2

frameshift mutation

Answer 2

the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

Question 3

genetic variation

Answer 3

difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species

Question 4

germ cell

Answer 4

specialized cell line that produces gametes, such as eggs or sperm

Question 5

Meiosis I

Answer 5

first round of meiotic cell division; referred to as reduction division because the ploidy level is reduced from diploid to haploid

Question 6

Meiosis II

Answer 6

second round of meiotic cell division following meiosis I; sister chromatids are separated into individual chromosomes, the result is four haploid cells

Question 7

mutation

Answer 7

variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome

Question 8

neutral mutation

Answer 8

mutation that is neither beneficial nor detrimental to the organism

Question 9

point mutation

Answer 9

mutation that affects a single base

Question 10

silent mutation

Answer 10

mutation that is not expressed

Question 11

somatic cell

Answer 11

all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells

Question 12

spontaneous mutation

Answer 12

mutation that takes places in the cells as a result of chemical reactions taking place naturally without exposure to any external agent