Chapter 11

Question 1

Social Learning Theory

Answer 1

theory that emphasizes learning through observation of others

Question 2

social cognitive theory

Answer 2

theory that adds concern with cognitive factors such as beliefs, self-perceptions, and expectations to social learning theory

Question 3

triarchic reciprocal theory

Answer 3

an explanation of behavior that emphasizes the mutual effects of the individual and then environment on each other

Question 4

self-efficacy

Answer 4

a person’s sense of being able to deal effectively with a particular task

Question 5

human agency

Answer 5

the capacity to coordinate learning skills, motivation, and emotions to reach your goals

Question 6

mastery experiences

Answer 6

our own direct experiences

the most powerful source of efficacy information

Question 7

arousal

Answer 7

physical and psychological reactions causing a person to feel alert, excited, or tense

Question 8

vicarious experiences

Answer 8

accomplishments that are modeled by someone else

Question 9

modeling

Answer 9

changes in behavior, thinking, or emotions that happen through observing another person or model

Question 10

social persuasion

Answer 10

a “pep talk” or specific performance feedback

a single source of self-efficacy

Question 11

ripple effect

Answer 11

“contagious” spreading of behaviors through imitation

Question 12

teachers’ sense of efficacy

Answer 12

a teacher’s belief that he/she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn

Question 13

self-regulation

Answer 13

process of activating and sustaining thoughts, behaviors, and emotions in order to reach goals

Question 14

volition

Answer 14

will power
self-discipline
work styles that protect opportunities to reach goals bu applying self-regulated learning

Question 15

self-regulated learning

Answer 15

a view of learning as skills and will applied to analyzing learning tasks, setting goals and planning how to do the task, applying skills, and especially making adjustments about how learning is carried out

Question 16

Alfred Bandura

Answer 16

aka father of social cognitive theory
Professor at Stanford University
work began in 1950s at Stanford

Question 17

Why did Bandura relabel his theory?

Answer 17

1. there were at least four other theories named “social learning theory” at the time, but they each described something different
2. his theory was broader and included behaviors, beliefs, and motivations

Question 18

True or False: the three influences in the triarchic reciprocal causality are social influences, self-influences, and achievement outcomes.

Answer 18

TRUE!

Question 19

Social Influences are also known as…

Answer 19

Environmental Variables

Question 20

Achievement Outcomes are also known as…

Answer 20

Behaviors

Question 21

Self-influences are also known as…

Answer 21

personal influences

Question 22

Name an example of a social influence.

Answer 22

models, instruction, feedback

Question 23

Name an example of an achievement outcome.

Answer 23

goal progress, motivation, learning

Question 24

Name an example of a self-influence.

Answer 24

goals, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, attributions, progress self-evaluation, self-regulatory progress.

Question 25

cognitive behavior modification

Answer 25

procedures based upon both behavioral and cognitive learning principals for changing your own behaviors by using self-talk and self-instruction

Question 26

self-instruction

Answer 26

talking oneself through the steps of a task

Question 27

How is self-efficacy different from other self-schemas?

Answer 27

Self-efficacy involves judgments of capabilities pertaining to a specific task, whereas self-concept is a more global construct the contains multiple perceptions about oneself.

Question 28

what are the four sources of self-efficacy?

Answer 28

mastery experiences
level of arousal when facing a task
vicarious experiences
social persuasion

Question 29

What are a few of the outcomes of observational learning?

Answer 29

directing attention
encouraging existing behaviors
change inhibitions-
teaching new behaviors and attitudes
arousing emotions

Question 30

How does self-efficacy affect motivation?

Answer 30

greater efficacy leads to greater effort in a task, which leads to higher goals and need to meet those goals. If self-efficacy is low, then effort is low, tasks may be avoided, and motivation is low or nonexistent.

Question 31

What factors are involved in self-regulate learning?

Answer 31

the need to prepare students to be “life-long learners” which calls for students to be self-regulated learners, meaning students must have a combination of the following things: knowledge, motivation to learn, and volition that helps them to provide the skills to learn independently and effectively.

Question 32

what is the self-regulated learning style?

Answer 32

-proposed by Winne and Hadwin
-there are four stages:
analyzing the taks, setting goals and designing plans, enacting tactics to accomplish the task, and regulating learning