Chapter 11 Flashcards
Threats to the Integrity of Sports…
- Academic issues
- Breaking the rules
- Pressure to win
- Violence
- The arms race (who has the best facilities & the best equipment
- Excessive commercialization
Women in Sports
Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments requires equal opportunity for athletes in financial aid, program areas such as facilities and coaches, and meeting the interests and needs of both genders
Equality for minorities
sport outcasts throughout most of our country’s history
African Americans have experienced blatant discrimination in sports and in schools. Can you list some examples?
- Quota Systems
- Position Stacking
- Social exclusion from clubs/events
- Different treatment by coaches
- Weak academic support
- Little tutorial help
Why did many fail to earn college degrees?
- they were not prepared
- came to college on athletic merits, but failed to get a degree or go professional
Are African American athletes bigger, stronger, and generally more highly skilled than
Caucasian athletes? What does the research show?
no - research shows this is not true
Why have some athletes’ opportunities in elite and expensive sports been traditionally limited?
What sports have they devoted their time to?
- High costs, lack of opportunities, absences of role models
- Football, basketball, baseball, track and field
What barriers do female athletes who are ethnic minorities face?
racial and gender barriers to receive equal opportunity
While discrimination against minorities is now legally prohibited and socially unacceptable
today, how is racism still continuing?
Bias/Prejudice among owners, coaches, teammates
Exclusive of the superstars, how is second-class status displayed for many ethnic minorities in
sport?
Lower signing bonus, salary discrimination, fewer endorsement opportunities
Equity for Senior Citizens
Senior citizens have had to overcome discriminatory biases to gain sporting opportunities
National Senior Games
- Began in 1987
- Held biennially
- Over 10,000 athletes aged 50 and over in 19 sports
- Also, state, and regional competitions
What are the benefits for seniors who participate in physical activity and sports competitions?
- Enhanced strength, flexibility, endurance, and balance – which all improve quality of life
- Reduces the stress of lost spouses and friends
- Replaces loneliness with new friends and social opportunities
Equality for Individuals with Special Needs
…
What did the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 specify?
the competitive needs of athletes with special needs must be accommodated
What did the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 mandate?
athletics must be provided to school students with special needs
What did the 1990 Americans With Disabilities Act call for?
access to public recreational facilities for those previously denied it
Paralympic games
- 1952 and 1976
- individuals with spinal cord injuries and in any 1 of 10 impairment types
Paralympic Winter Games
- 1952
- intellectually challenged individuals
Youth Sport
More than 40 million children and adolescents (ages 4 to 18) participate annually in youth sports competitions.
What are the six major issues facing youth sports programs?
- overuse injuries
- emphasis on winning
- winning-obsessed coaches
- parental pressures
- specialization in one sport
- eroded ethical values
So, why do youth sports continue to grow in popularity?
- the genuine interest and enthusiasm of children
- positive outcomes in most programs exceed the negative aspects
Program Administrators need to emphasize the following:
- FUN is the most important thing
- developing new sports skills
- keep games and participants safe
- educate parents to model proper behaviors
- de-emphasize winning
along with so much more
What does your text say about strength training for youth? Is it beneficial or harmful?
- it can be beneficial for children and adolescents
Interscholastic Sports
…
What benefits do interscholastic sports provide High School Students, according to physical educators and school administrators?
- fitness
- sportsmanship
- cooperation
- self-discipline
- character development
What are the top three sports for boys and girls, respectively?
Boys: football, outdoor track & field, and basketball
Girls: outdoor track & field, volleyball, basketball
List two factors that have contributed to interscholastic coaches NOT being properly prepared to coach:
- Elimination of many physical education requirements and positions
- Physical educators choosing not to combine teaching and coaching
What is the NFHS? When was it founded?
- National Federation of State High School Associations
- 1920
- work to protect the activity and athletic interests of high schools
What is the MAJOR problem in high school sports in the United States?
- overemphasis on winning
- factors are characterized by specializing in one sport, students playing while hurt, etc.
What is the “no pass, no play” policy? What are the pros of the policy? The cons? Overall, what has been shown concerning schoolwork and the policy?
- Students must obtain passing grades in most or all of their courses taken during the previous grading period in order to play sports
- Pros = will motivate students to achieve academically
- Cons = sports encourage some students to remain in school
- Overall, many students are taking their academics more seriously, and course work has improved
How pervasive are drugs in high schools? What substances do high school students have easy access to? What obligation do coaches have concerning drugs? What can happen to students who are uninformed about drugs?
- VERY pervasive!
- Easy access to tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, amphetamines, cocaine, and other drugs
- Coaches have an obligation to educate their athletes about drugs
- Uninformed athletes may fall prey to peer pressure to do drugs
What other problems do school sports programs face?
- spectator violence
- unsportsmanlike conduct by coaches and athletes
- cheating to maintain eligibility
- program budget cuts
What are the three regulatory bodies of intercollegiate sports?
- NCAA = National Collegiate Athletic Association
- NAIA = National Association Intercollegiate Athletics
- NJCAA = National Junior Collegiate Athletic Association
How can athletics affect academics negatively?
- Missing classes
- Receiving unearned grades, admission to college though not qualified
What is the “winning-fans-money” cycle?
- Fans buy tickets, revenue increases, more money brings better athletes and coaches, more games are won, fans buy tickets, etc.
How does commercialization affect college athletics?
when winning is the main objective, rules are violated and character development, sportsmanship, and other values are lost
Why do intercollegiate athletics continue to thrive?
- They reflect American attitudes, beliefs, and values (sport prepares athletes for life via the arete concept)
- The benefits exceed the liabilities (spectators are entertained, school spirit, and allegiance are enhanced)
- Sports teams are excellent public relations tools! (increase in enrollment)
What did the authors of your text find concerning the academic performance of college athletes over time?
- Education takes second to athletics
- There is a tendency for athletes to underperform academically
- Commercialization remains unchecked
Drugs and steroids? – both steroids and for pleasurable use?
- Drug testing at NCAA championships and bowl games
- Despite signing a pledge stating they do not use drugs many college athletes continue to use them
- Anabolic steroids and amphetamines = violent behavior
- Cocaine, marijuana, tobacco, alcohol = social reasons/relaxation
Alcohol = drug of choice
Coaches must educate their athletes about the negative effects of drugs and rules against their use
Academics?
- Satisfactory progress toward their degree (24 credits after the first year)
- Degree designation (select a major) by their junior year
- Five-year rule (5 years to complete 4 years of eligibility)
- Academic Progress Rate (APR), for a sports team’s academic performance
- Institutional control over financial supporters, admissions committees
The behavior of athletes on and off the field/court?
- Taunting opponents, excessive celebrations
- Emotional and physical abuse of athletes by coaches
- DUI, illegal drug use, sexual assault/rape by athletes
- Athletic foundations buying out a coach, then enticing and hiring a new one
International Sport
…
Can you name two championships, other than the Olympic Games, that elite athletes participate in?
- Pan American Games
- Asian Games
Why do the Olympic Games thrive and continue to increase in popularity?
- Development of friendships among athletes
- Attainment of personal goals by athletes
- Many people suggest reducing the number of events or lengthening the games and increasing the number of sites and sports
What happened after the passage of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978?
- In 1978 amateur sport was restructured in the USA
- The US Olympic Committee established and Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, available to all Sport Governing Bodies and their athletes to train
