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Chem 125 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

solute

A

Component of the solution in lesser abundance

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2
Q

solvent

A

Component of the solution in greater abundance

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3
Q

Homogeneous

A

same composition throughout

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4
Q

Two factors drive a spontaneous process

A
  1. A lowering of the energy of the system
    ➢ the particles are in a more energetically favorable
    arrangement
  2. An increased dispersal of matter in the system
    ➢ an increase in the entropy (randomness) of the system
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5
Q

Ideal solution

A

when structurally very similar liquids are mixed

When the strength of the IMFs between solute &
solvent are the same as in the pure substances,
there is no energy change upon dissolution

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6
Q

strong electrolytes

A

completely dissociate into ions

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7
Q

Weak electrolytes

A

dissolve mostly as molecules but partially as ions

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8
Q

Nonelectrolyte

A

A compound that does not break up into ions when dissolved in water is s a poor conductor of electricity.

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9
Q

ion-dipole attractions or
ion-dipole forces

A

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions
via electrostatic forces, called ion-dipole attractions or
ion-dipole forces
✓Negative end of dipole attracted to cations, positive end of
dipole attracted to anions
✓Stronger dipole moment →stronger ion-dipole force
✓Higher charge & smaller size of ion →stronger ion-dipole force

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10
Q

Salute-Salute interactions

A

ionic bonds (strong)

Does not occur in gasses

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11
Q

Solvent-solvent interactions

A

H-bonds

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12
Q

Salute-solvent interactions

A

on-dipole forces (can be strong)

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13
Q

supersaturated solution

A

A solution with more solute than the solubility limit

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14
Q

How does the temperature of water effect the solubility of gas?

A

For all gases, the solubility in water
decreases as temperature increases
✓ More disorder in gas phase than in
solution
✓ Higher temp drives molecules to be
more dispersed

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15
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Higher partial pressure of gas →more gas dissolves in
the solvent

T he solubility of a gas is directly
proportional to its partial pressure above the soln.
Cgas = kPgas

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16
Q

Miscible

A

Some liquids are soluble in each other in all
proportions

Same polarity is needed and they need the same types of bonds

Liquids that dissolve in each other
to a limited extent are partially
miscible

17
Q

Immiscible

A

Two liquids that do not dissolve in
each other to any appreciable
extent are

18
Q

Solubility of Solids in Liquids

A

The solubilities of solids in water varies widely

Memorize solubility rules

Remember LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE

For most ionic compound, solubility
increases w/ increasing temperature

Molecular compounds w/ lots of OH
groups tend to be soluble in water

Molecular compounds w/ only disp.
forces are not soluble in water

19
Q

What does The solubility of a gas in a liquid solvent depend on?

A

l. Pressure
II. Temperature
III. Identity of gas

20
Q

A supersaturated solution can be made to precipitate out by?

A

A supersaturated solution is unstable. Adding more solute will provide the seed crystals for the extra solute to crystallize from the solution. Simply agitating the solution an also start the crystallization process, producing the seed crystals for more solute to crystallize from the solution

21
Q

Mass %

A

=mass of solute/total mass

22
Q

Mole fraction

A

=mol of solute/total moles

23
Q

Molarity

A

moles of solute/L of solution

24
Q

Colligative properties:

A

properties of a solution whose value depends only on the number of solute particles (concentration),
and not on what they are
✓for ionic solutes, depend on the
total number of ions

Vapor Pressure Depression
Boiling Point Elevation
Freezing Point Depression
Osmotic Pressure
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

25
Q

Van’t Hoff Factor (i)

A

The concentration of solution particles is the total concentration of all ions

i= moles solution moles form

26
Q

Vapor Pressure of Solutions

A

Vapor pressure of a solvent above a solution
is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure
solvent

27
Q

Raoult’s Law

A

Partial Pressure= (mole fraction o solvent)(Normal pressure)

The vapor pressure should decrease!

28
Q

Total vapor pressure

A

Is the total vapor pressure of the solute and the solvent combined

Ptot = Pa + Pb = XaP°a+ XbP°b

eqn
✓strength of A-B interactions similar to A-A and B-B interactions

29
Q

Distillation

A

Volatile liquids with different vapor pressures can thus be separated by vaporization called distilation

30
Q

CHECK OUT SLIDE 36 will be on test

A
31
Q

Osmosis

A

low of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from solution of low concentration to solution of high concentration

Chem 125 (12 decks)

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