chapter 11

Question 1

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Answer 1

The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent is known as a sexual reproduction, but offspring produced by sexual reproduction, inherit some of the genetic information from each parent

Question 2

what is a prokaryotic chromosome?

Answer 2

A singular DNA chromosome that contains all of the cells genetic information

Question 3

what is a eukaryotic chromosome?

Answer 3

eukryotic chromosomes have more DNA than prokaryotic chromosomes so they contain multiple chromosomes.

Question 4

what are the five stages of cell division?

Answer 4

interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis

Question 5

what is the role of an internal regulator?

Answer 5

these proteins act as checkpoints, allowing the cell cycle to proceed only when certain events have taken place

Question 6

what is an external regulator?

Answer 6

external regulatory proteins, direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle

Question 7

what is the first regulatory protein discovered in the 1980s called?

Answer 7

cyclin

Question 8

what does cyclin do?

Answer 8

cyclin binds with an enzyme to produce mitosis promoting factors. they help regulate the cell cycle.

Question 9

what causes cancer?

Answer 9

cancers are caused by defects in the genes that regulate cell growth and division

Question 10

why is cancer so dangerous?

Answer 10

cancer cells are particularly dangerous because of their tendency to spread. Once they enter the bloodstream or lymph vessels. This can harm the body.

Question 11

how do you cells become specialized for different functions?

Answer 11

A cell becomes differentiated by being different from the embryonic cell that produced it, and specialized to perform certain tasks.

Question 12

what is the difference between totipotent and pluripotent cells?

Answer 12

Totipotent cells can develop into any type of cell, whereas pluripotent cells can develop
into many different types of cells

Question 13

what is the area called where sister chromatids are attached to each other?

Answer 13

The centromere

Question 14

what do you call a clump of cancerous cells?

Answer 14

A tumor

Question 15

how are adult stem cells different from embryonic stem cells?

Answer 15

adult stem cells are multipotent because the types of differentiated cells they can form into are limited while embryonic cells are capable of producing every cell type in the body.

Question 16

what is the cellcycle?

Answer 16

The cell cycle is a process of growing a cell, preparing the cell for division, and the dividing to form two daughter cells.

Question 17

what happens during prophase?

Answer 17

The genetic material inside the nucleus, condenses, and then duplicated chromosomes become visible

Question 18

what is a chromatid?

Answer 18

The two thick strands duplicated chromosomes turn into during prophase.

Question 19

what is found in the centrosome?

Answer 19

centrioles

Question 20

what important needs depend on a cells volume?

Answer 20

The rate at which food and oxygen are used up and wastes are produced.

Question 21

how many cells can an average human body contain?

Answer 21

40 trillion cells

Question 22

why do cells divide rather than continue to grow?

Answer 22

The larger a cell becomes the less efficient. It is in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane, also as a cell grows at places increasing demand on its own DNA.