Chapter 11, 12, 13 Flashcards
The 4 projections: The Medial epicondyles The lateral epicondyles The capitulation The trochlea Belong to?
The distal epiphysis
What does not have a vertebral foramen?
Sacrum & Coccyx
What does the make up of the scapula, clavicle?
Shoulder Girdle
What does the clavicle Articulate with on its distal end?
The clavicle articulates with the acromoin process of the scapula
What articulates proximally with the humerus and radius and dismally with a fibrocartilaginous disk?
Ulna
What metacarpal forms the most freely?
Thumb
What form the framework of the hand?
The metacarpal bones are the five bones that make up the framework of the hand?
The pubic arch in males is less than ____degrees?
90 degrees
True or false?
The Pelvic Outlet is an imaginary plane?
True
What is the inner lining of the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
What cells are responsible for producing organic matrix?
Osteoblasts
How many cervical vertebrae does the human body have?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae does the human body have?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae does the human body have?
5
What is an example of short bones?
Carpals
What forms: the anterior cranial floor Medial orbit walls Upper parts of the nasal septum Sidewalks of the nasal cavity
Ethmoid bone
Like long bones, flat bones are covered in a periosteum and the inner spaces are lined with?
Endosteum
Support Protection Movement Mineral storage Hematopoiesis Are all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
Functions of bone
What is the development of bone from the small cartilage or membrane model into adult bone?
Osteogenesis
What does the process of appositional growth refer to?
It occurs through the addition of osseous tissue to the outer surface of a flat bone
What do muscle tendon fibers interlace with?
Periosteal fibers
A few layers of bone matrix also run around the outer boundary of compact bone, encircling all the osteosarcoma. These layers that run along the inner circumference (along the endosteum) and outer circumference (along the periosteum) of a bone is called?
Circumferential lamellar
Are small cells that synthesize and secrete an organic matrix called osteoid?
Osteoblasts
Are giant multinucleate cells, that are responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals.
Osteoclasts
Collagen strands in the osteoid serve as framework for the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals, which mineralized the bone tissue. Osteogenic stem cells, found in the endosteum and lining the central canals, undergo cell division to form?
Osteoblasts
Formed by the fusion of serial precursor cells and contain large numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes. Erode bone by releasing hydrochloride acid (HC1) that dissolves mineral crystals and collagenase, which is an enzyme that breaks the peptide bonds in collagen proteins. The dissolved mineral ions and amino acids that result from bone erosion are reabsorbed by the bloodstream and recycling for use by fibroblasts, osteoblasts, or other cells of the body.
Responsible for the active erosion of bone minerals?
Osteoblasts
Are mature, nondividing osteoblasts surrounded by matrix and lying within lacunae
Osteocytes
Surround central ( osteoblasts or haversian) canals that run lengthwise through bone and are connected by transverse canals (Volkmann canals)
Osteoid
What cell organelles synthesis organic matrix substances?
Golgi apparatus and ?
Is composite of collagenous fibers and a mixture of protein and polysaccharides called ground substance
Chondroitin and glucosamine also
Organic matrix of bone
Blood cell formation, is a vital process carried on by red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue,.
Hematopoisesis
Myeloid tissue, in the adult, is located primarily in the ends, or epiphyses, of certain long bone, in the flat bones of the skull, in the pelvis, and in the sternum and ribs.
Hematopoiesis
Hydroxyapatite: crystals of calcium, and phosphate that contribute to bone, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and fluoride are also found in bone.
Inorganic salts
What articulates with maxilla
Two maxillae form the keystone of the face
Does not articulate with mandible
Frontal/Corneal suture separates?
Frontal and temporal
Frontal and parietal
Lamdoid suture separates?
Occipital and parietal
Squamous suture separates?
Temporal and parietal
Sagittal suture lines up to the ___?
Frontal/corneal suture
Primary regulator of calcium homeostasis?
Parathyroid hormone
Stimulates osteoclasts to initiate breakdown of bone matrix and increase blood calcium levels
Parathyroid hormone
Increases renal absorption of calcium from urine
Parathyroid hormone
Stimulates vitamin D synthesis
Parathyroid hormone
Protein hormone produced in the thyroid gland
Calcitonin
Produced in response to high blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
Stimulates bone deposition by osteoblasts
Calcitonin
Inhibits osteoclasts activity
Calcitonin
“soft spots” allow the skull to “mold” during birth and also allow rapid growth of the brain
Fonanels
True ribs?
1-7
False ribs
8-12
Floating ribs
11-12
In pubic area what is the largest and uppermost bone?
Ilium
In the pubic area what is the strongest lowermost bone?
Ischium
In the pubic area it is the most anterior bone?
Pubis
Deep funnel shaped with a narrow pubic arch
Male pelvis
Shallow broad and flaring with a wider pubic arch
Female pelvis
A ______is also known as a compound fracture ?
Displaced (open)
What bone contains the mastoid sinuses?
Temporal bone
Form the bulging top of the cranium and form several sutures ?
Parietal bone
I made up of 28 bones in two major divisions ?
Skull
Serves as a stable, circular base that supports the trunk and attaches the lower extremities to it
Pelvic girdle
What is the largest sinus?
Maxillary sinus
The appendicular skeleton consists of ____ bones ?
126
The axial skeleton consists of ____bones?
74
Forms the lower, posterior part of the skull
Occipital bone
Articulates with ethmoid, nasal septum, frontal, maxillae, and other nasal bones
Nasal bone
What does the Temporal bone house?
The middle and inner ear structures
Contains the frontal sinuses
Forms the upper portion of the orbits
Forms the coronal suture with the two parietal bones
Frontal bone
How many layers form the epiphyseal plate?
4 Resting Cartilage The proliferating zone The zone of hypertrophy The zone of calcification
Steps to healing a fracture?
Formation of a hematoma
Formation of a soft, cartilaginous pro callus
Formation of internal and external bony callus
Bone remodeling complete
Bones vary in their proportions of two types of bone tissue
Compact
Cancellous (spongy) bone
Most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline Cartilage
Forms the costal cartilage, cartilage rings in the trachea, bronchi of the lungs, and the tip of the nose, forms from a special cells in chondrification centers, which secretes matrix material, chrondrocytes are isolated into lacuna
Hyaline cartilage
Forms the external ear, epiglottis, and Eustachian tubes, gives form to the external ears, the epiglottis that covers the opening of the respiratory tract when swallowing, and the eustachian or auditory, tubes that connect the middle ear and nasal cavity
Elastic cartilage
Found in the pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks
Fibrocartilage
What age does bone begin to occur?
35-40
Region (in a growing bone) is called the metaphysics
Epiphyseal plate
_________cells brings about the thickening of this layer.
Epiphyseal cartilage
What allows the diaphysis of a long bone to increase in length
Epiphyseal plate
Concentric
Interstitial
Circumferential
Lamellae
Are small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells are located between hard layers of lamellae
Lacunae
Also called an osteoclasts canal or haversian Canal, the center canal extends lengthwise through the center of each osteon.
Canaliculi
What is the main shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
Ends of a long bone made of cancellous bone filled with marrow in bulbous shape
Epiphyseal
What attaches tendons firmly to bones and contains blood vessels important in growth and repair
Periosteum
What is an inner region of cancellous bone called
Dipole
What permits the delivery of nutrients and the removal of waste products
Osteons
______occurs through the addition of osseous tissue to the outer surface of a flat bone
Appositional growth
Forms when a blood vessel enters the rapidly changing cartilage model at the midpoint of the diaphysis
Primary ossification
______grow in both length and diameter
Long bones
Forms immovable joints with three other cranial bones and movable joint with the first clerical vertebra
Occipital bone
Articulate with each other and with the nasal, zygomatic, nferior conchae, and palatine bones
Maxilla
What is the largest, strongest bone of the face
Mandible
Zygomatic bone articulates with 4 bones and they are
Maxillary
Temporal
Frontal
Sphenoid
Disorders of the axial skeleton? The one Dr.P put in red
Mastoiditis
