Chapter 11 Flashcards
is a homogenous part of the system in contact with other parts of the system but separated from them by a well-defined boundary
Phase
- assumes the volume and shape of its container
- Low density
- Very compressible
-Very Free motion
Gas
- Has a definite volume but assumes the shapes of its containers
- High density
-Only slightly compressible
-Slide past one another freely
Liquid
- Has a definite shape and volume
- High density
- Virtually incompressible
- Vibrate about fixed positions
Solid
IMFA is…
Intermolecular forces of attraction
are the attractive forces between molecules
Intermolecular forces
hold atoms together in a molecule
Intramolecular forces
Generally, intermolecular forces are much… than intramolecular forces
weaker
As IMFA increases, melting point? And vice versa.
increases
As IMFA increases, boiling point? And vice versa.
increases
As IMFA increases, viscosity? And vice versa.
increases
As IMFA increases, surface tension? And vice versa
increases
As IMFA increases, vapor pressure? And vice versa.
decreases
attractive forces between polar molecules
Dipole-dipole forces
attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule
Ion-Dipole Forces
attractive forces between ions
Ionic bond
- attraction due to constant motion of electrons
- will cause temporary concentration of charge on one side of an atom or molecule
- exist between all molecules
London Dispersion Forces or Van der Waals interaction
attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary induced dipoles in atoms or molecules
Dispersion forces
is the ease with which the electron distribution the atom or molecule can be distorted
Polarizability
is a special dipole-dipole interaction between the two hydrogen atom in a polar and an electronegative O, N, or F atoms
Hydrogen bond
is the amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area
Surface tension
is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules
Cohesion
is the attraction between unlike molecules
Adhesion
is a measure of a fluids resistance to flow
Viscosity
Strength of IMFA’s
ion-dipole~H-bond>dipole-dipole>dispersion forces
- lattice points occupied by cations and anions
- held together by electrostatic attraction
- Hard, brittle, high melting point
- Poor conductor of heat and electricity
Ionic Crystals
- Lattice points occupied by atoms
- Held together by covalent bonds
- Hard, high melting point
- Poor conductor of heat and electricity
Covalent Crystals
- Lattice points occupied by molecules
- Held together by intermolecular forces
- Soft, low melting point
- Poor conductor of heat and electricity
Molecular Crystals
- Lattice points occupied by metal atoms
- Held together by metallic bonds
- Soft to hard, low to high melting point
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
Metallic crystals
it does not possessed a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order
Amorphous Solid
it is the vapor pressure measured when a dynamic equilibrium exists between condensation and evaporation
Equilibrium vapor pressure
is the temperature at which the (equilibrium) vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure
Boiling Point
is the temperature at which a liquid boils when the external pressure is 1 atm
Normal Boiling Point
summarizes the conditions at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas
Phase Diagram
The melting point of a liquid is the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases coexist in equilibrium
Solid-Liquid Equilibrium
