Chapter 11

Question 1

Choleric

Answer 1

a temperament (yellow bile from the liver) that lies on the right top axis which makes it a strong emotion and changeable temperament.
emotions include excitable, egocentric, exhibitionist, impulsive, histrionic and active.

Question 2

Melancholic

Answer 2

(black bile from kidneys) on the top-left axis, strong emotion and unchangeable temperaments.
emotions: anxious, worried, unhappy, suspicious, serious, thoughtful.

Question 3

Phlegmatic

Answer 3

temperament (white phlegm from the lungs) on the lower-left axis, a weak emotion and unchangeable temperament.
emotions: reasonable, principled, controlled, persistent, steadfast, and calm

Question 4

sanguine

Answer 4

temperament (red blood from the heart) on the lower-right axis a weak emotion and changeable temperament. emotions: playful, easygoing, sociable, carefree, hopeful, contented.

Question 5

Id “I want to do that now?”

Answer 5

contains our most primitive drives or urges and is present from birth. it directs impulses for hunger, thirst, and, sex.

Freud believed that the id operates on what he called the “pleasure principle,” in which the id seeks immediate gratification. Through social interactions with parents and others in a child’s environment, the ego and superego develop to help control the id.

Question 6

Ego “Maybe we can compromise”

Answer 6

the rational part of our personality. personality. It’s what Freud considered to be the self, and it is the part of our personality that is seen by others. Its job is to balance the demands of the id and superego in the context of reality; thus, it operates on what Freud called the “reality principle.” The ego helps the id satisfy its desires in a realistic way.

Question 7

Superego “It’s not right to do that.”

Answer 7

superego develops as a child interacts with others, learning the social rules for right and wrong. The superego acts as our conscience; it is our moral compass that tells us how we should behave.
It strives for perfection and judges our behavior, leading to feelings of pride or—when we fall short of the ideal—feelings of guilt.

Question 8

Denial

Answer 8

Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant.

Kalia refuses to admit she has an alcohol problem although she is unable to go a single day without drinking excessively.

Question 9

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Answer 9

Freud believed that personality develops during early childhood: Childhood experiences shape our personalities as well as our behavior as adults.
He asserted that we develop via a series of stages during childhood. Each of us must pass through these childhood stages, and if we do not have the proper nurturing and parenting during a stage, we will be stuck, or fixated, in that stage, even as adults.

Question 10

Oral Stage

Answer 10

Age: 0-1
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
Major Conflict: weaning off breast or bottle
Adult Fixation Example: Smoking, overeating

Question 11

Anal

Answer 11

Age: 1-3
Erogenous Zone: Anus
Major Conflict: Toilet Training
Adult Fixation Example: Neatness, Messiness

Question 12

Phallic Stage

Answer 12

Age: 3-6
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Major Conflict: Oedipus/Electra complex
Adult Fixation Example: Vanity, overambition

Question 13

Latency

Answer 13

Age: 6-12

Question 14

Genital

Answer 14

Age: 12+
Erogenous Zone: Genitals

Question 15

Electra complex

Answer 15

The Electra complex, while often attributed to Freud, was actually proposed by Freud’s protégé, Carl Jung (Jung & Kerenyi, 1963). A girl desires the attention of her father and wishes to take her mother’s place. Jung also said that girls are angry with the mother for not providing them with a penis—hence the term penis envy. While

Question 16

Oedipus Complex

Answer 16

involving a boy’s desire for his mother and his urge to replace his father who is seen as a rival for the mother’s attention. At the same time, the boy is afraid his father will punish him for his feelings, so he experiences castration anxiety. The Oedipus complex is successfully resolved when the boy begins to identify with his father as an indirect way to have the mother. Failure to resolve the Oedipus complex may result in fixation and development of a personality that might be described as vain and overly ambitious.

Question 17

Karen Horney

Answer 17

one of the first women trained as a Freudian psychoanalyst. During the Great Depression, Horney moved from Germany to the United States, and subsequently moved away from Freud’s teachings. Like Jung, Horney believed that each individual has the potential for self-realization and that the goal of psychoanalysis should be moving toward a healthy self rather than exploring early childhood patterns of dysfunction. Horney also disagreed with the Freudian idea that girls have penis envy and are jealous of male biological features. According to Horney, any jealousy is most likely culturally based, due to the greater privileges that males often have, meaning that the differences between men’s and women’s personalities are culturally based, not biologically based. She further suggested that men have womb envy, because they cannot give birth.

Question 18

moving toward

Answer 18

Description: affiliation and dependence
example: Child seeking positive attention and affection from parent; adult needing love

Question 19

Moving against people

Answer 19

Description: Aggression and manipulation
Examples: Child fighting or bullying other children; adult who is abrasive and verbally hurtful, or who exploits others

Question 20

Moving away from people

Answer 20

Description: Detachment and isolation
Example: Child withdrawn from the world and isolated; adult loner

Question 21

Inferiority complex

Answer 21

An inferiority complex refers to a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to the standards of others or of society. Adler’s ideas about inferiority represent a major difference between his thinking and Freud’s. Freud believed that we are motivated by sexual and aggressive urges, but Adler (1930, 1961) believed that feelings of inferiority in childhood are what drive people to attempt to gain superiority and that this striving is the force behind all of our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Question 22

Freudians

Answer 22

According to Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression, along with childhood sexuality, are the forces that influence our personality. Freud attracted many followers who modified his ideas to create new theories about personality.

Question 23

neo-Freudians

Answer 23

neo-Freudians, generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but deemphasized sex, focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. Four notable neo-Freudians include Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung (pronounced “Yoong”), and Karen Horney

Question 24

Adler and birth order

Answer 24

Adler proposed that older siblings, who start out as the focus of their parents’ attention but must share that attention once a new child joins the family, compensate by becoming overachievers. The youngest children, according to Adler, may be spoiled, leaving the middle child with the opportunity to minimize the negative dynamics of the youngest and oldest children. Despite popular attention, research has not conclusively confirmed Adler’s hypotheses about birth order.

Question 25

Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Answer 25

suggesting that an individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan—a departure from Freud’s view that personality is fixed in early life. In his theory, Erikson emphasized the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development, in contrast to Freud’s emphasis on sex. Erikson identified eight stages, each of which represents a conflict or developmental task

Question 26

reciprocal determinism

Answer 26

a concept Bandura (1990) proposed in which cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each factor influencing and being influenced by the others simultaneously

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned, including beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics. Behavior refers to anything that we do that may be rewarded or punished. Finally, the context in which the behavior occurs refers to the environment or situation, which includes rewarding/punishing stimuli.

Question 27

Self-efficacy

Answer 27

our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences. Self-efficacy affects how we approach challenges and reach goals. In observational learning, self-efficacy is a cognitive factor that affects which behaviors we choose to imitate as well as our success in performing those behaviors.

Question 28

high self efficacy

Answer 28

people who believe that their goals are within reach, have a positive view of challenges seeing them as tasks to be mastered, develop a deep interest in and strong commitment to the activities in which they are involved, and quickly recover from setbacks.

Question 29

low self-efficacy

Answer 29

people who avoid challenging tasks because they doubt their ability to be successful, tend to focus on failure and negative outcomes, and lose confidence in their abilities if they experience setbacks. Feelings of self-efficacy can be specific to certain situations. For instance, a student might feel confident in her ability in English class but much less so in math class.

Question 30

Real Self

Answer 30

the person you actually are

Question 31

Ideal Self

Answer 31

the person that you would like to be

Question 32

Hertiability

Answer 32

the proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics

Question 33

Eysenck’s personality dimension

Answer 33

1.extroversion/introversion
2.neuroticism/stability
3.psychoticism versus superego control

Question 34

extroversion/introversion

Answer 34

According to their theory, people high on the trait of extroversion are sociable and outgoing, and readily connect with others, whereas people high on the trait of introversion have a higher need to be alone, engage in solitary behaviors, and limit their interactions with others.

Question 35

neuroticism/stability

Answer 35

People high on neuroticism tend to be anxious; they tend to have an overactive sympathetic nervous system and, even with low stress, their bodies and emotional state tend to go into a flight-or-fight reaction.

In contrast, people high on stability tend to need more stimulation to activate their flight-or-fight reaction and are considered more emotionally stable.

Question 36

psychoticism versus superego control

Answer 36

In this dimension, people who are high on psychoticism tend to be independent thinkers, cold, nonconformists, impulsive, antisocial, and hostile,
whereas people who are high on superego control tend to have high impulse control—they are more altruistic, empathetic, cooperative, and conventional

Question 37

HEXACO

Answer 37

H: Honesty
E: Emotionality
X: Extraversion
A: Agreeableness
C: Conscientiousness
O: Openness to Experience