Chapter 11 Flashcards
Choleric
a temperament (yellow bile from the liver) that lies on the right top axis which makes it a strong emotion and changeable temperament.
emotions include excitable, egocentric, exhibitionist, impulsive, histrionic and active.
Melancholic
(black bile from kidneys) on the top-left axis, strong emotion and unchangeable temperaments.
emotions: anxious, worried, unhappy, suspicious, serious, thoughtful.
Phlegmatic
temperament (white phlegm from the lungs) on the lower-left axis, a weak emotion and unchangeable temperament.
emotions: reasonable, principled, controlled, persistent, steadfast, and calm
sanguine
temperament (red blood from the heart) on the lower-right axis a weak emotion and changeable temperament. emotions: playful, easygoing, sociable, carefree, hopeful, contented.
Id “I want to do that now?”
contains our most primitive drives or urges and is present from birth. it directs impulses for hunger, thirst, and, sex.
Freud believed that the id operates on what he called the “pleasure principle,” in which the id seeks immediate gratification. Through social interactions with parents and others in a child’s environment, the ego and superego develop to help control the id.
Ego “Maybe we can compromise”
the rational part of our personality. personality. It’s what Freud considered to be the self, and it is the part of our personality that is seen by others. Its job is to balance the demands of the id and superego in the context of reality; thus, it operates on what Freud called the “reality principle.” The ego helps the id satisfy its desires in a realistic way.
Superego “It’s not right to do that.”
superego develops as a child interacts with others, learning the social rules for right and wrong. The superego acts as our conscience; it is our moral compass that tells us how we should behave.
It strives for perfection and judges our behavior, leading to feelings of pride or—when we fall short of the ideal—feelings of guilt.
Denial
Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant.
Kalia refuses to admit she has an alcohol problem although she is unable to go a single day without drinking excessively.
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Freud believed that personality develops during early childhood: Childhood experiences shape our personalities as well as our behavior as adults.
He asserted that we develop via a series of stages during childhood. Each of us must pass through these childhood stages, and if we do not have the proper nurturing and parenting during a stage, we will be stuck, or fixated, in that stage, even as adults.
Oral Stage
Age: 0-1
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
Major Conflict: weaning off breast or bottle
Adult Fixation Example: Smoking, overeating
Anal
Age: 1-3
Erogenous Zone: Anus
Major Conflict: Toilet Training
Adult Fixation Example: Neatness, Messiness
Phallic Stage
Age: 3-6
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Major Conflict: Oedipus/Electra complex
Adult Fixation Example: Vanity, overambition
Latency
Age: 6-12
Genital
Age: 12+
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Electra complex
The Electra complex, while often attributed to Freud, was actually proposed by Freud’s protégé, Carl Jung (Jung & Kerenyi, 1963). A girl desires the attention of her father and wishes to take her mother’s place. Jung also said that girls are angry with the mother for not providing them with a penis—hence the term penis envy. While
Oedipus Complex
involving a boy’s desire for his mother and his urge to replace his father who is seen as a rival for the mother’s attention. At the same time, the boy is afraid his father will punish him for his feelings, so he experiences castration anxiety. The Oedipus complex is successfully resolved when the boy begins to identify with his father as an indirect way to have the mother. Failure to resolve the Oedipus complex may result in fixation and development of a personality that might be described as vain and overly ambitious.
Karen Horney
one of the first women trained as a Freudian psychoanalyst. During the Great Depression, Horney moved from Germany to the United States, and subsequently moved away from Freud’s teachings. Like Jung, Horney believed that each individual has the potential for self-realization and that the goal of psychoanalysis should be moving toward a healthy self rather than exploring early childhood patterns of dysfunction. Horney also disagreed with the Freudian idea that girls have penis envy and are jealous of male biological features. According to Horney, any jealousy is most likely culturally based, due to the greater privileges that males often have, meaning that the differences between men’s and women’s personalities are culturally based, not biologically based. She further suggested that men have womb envy, because they cannot give birth.
moving toward
Description: affiliation and dependence
example: Child seeking positive attention and affection from parent; adult needing love
Moving against people
Description: Aggression and manipulation
Examples: Child fighting or bullying other children; adult who is abrasive and verbally hurtful, or who exploits others
Moving away from people
Description: Detachment and isolation
Example: Child withdrawn from the world and isolated; adult loner
Inferiority complex
An inferiority complex refers to a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to the standards of others or of society. Adler’s ideas about inferiority represent a major difference between his thinking and Freud’s. Freud believed that we are motivated by sexual and aggressive urges, but Adler (1930, 1961) believed that feelings of inferiority in childhood are what drive people to attempt to gain superiority and that this striving is the force behind all of our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Freudians
According to Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression, along with childhood sexuality, are the forces that influence our personality. Freud attracted many followers who modified his ideas to create new theories about personality.
neo-Freudians
neo-Freudians, generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but deemphasized sex, focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. Four notable neo-Freudians include Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung (pronounced “Yoong”), and Karen Horney
Adler and birth order
Adler proposed that older siblings, who start out as the focus of their parents’ attention but must share that attention once a new child joins the family, compensate by becoming overachievers. The youngest children, according to Adler, may be spoiled, leaving the middle child with the opportunity to minimize the negative dynamics of the youngest and oldest children. Despite popular attention, research has not conclusively confirmed Adler’s hypotheses about birth order.
