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BIOA01 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cell division?

A

The process by which cells make more
cells

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2
Q

why does cell division occur?

A
  • Growth
  • Cell replacement
  • Healing
  • Reproduction
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3
Q

what are the important requirements that must be satisfied by cell division?

A
  • Each daughter cells receives full genetic
    complement parent cell
  • Parent cell large enough to divide in two (enough cytoplasmic components)
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4
Q

What are the 4 main events that must occur for cell division?

A
  1. Reproductive signal to initiate cell division
  2. Replication of DNA
  3. Segregation distribution of the DNA into the two new cells
  4. Cytokinesis separation of the two new cells
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5
Q

how does prokaryotic cell division occur?

A

Through binary fission

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6
Q

How many cells are produced through binary fission?

A

2 cells

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7
Q

What are the external factors that initiate prokaryotic cell division?

A
  • nutrient concentration
  • environmental conditions
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8
Q

What can accelerate the division cycle in Prokaryotic cell division?

A

Abundance of food

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9
Q

Explain binary fission. Diagram

A
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10
Q

the difference in mitotic cell division between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A
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11
Q

what are the 2 main phases in the eukaryotic cell cycle?

A 
M phase (mitosis & cytokinesis)
Interphase (everything else)
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12
Q

what happens in interphase?

A
  • lasts about 10−14 hours
  • Cell makes many preparations for division
    o Replication of the DNA in the nucleus
    o Increase in the cell size (daughter cells require enough cytoplasm and membrane)
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13
Q

name the stages of interphase

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
  4. G0 phase
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14
Q

what happens in G1 phase?

A

size and protein content of the cell increase (prepping for S phase)

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15
Q

what happens in S phase?

A

all DNA in nucleus is replicated

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16
Q

what happens in G2 phase?

A

cell prepares for mitosis and
cytokinesis

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17
Q

what happens in G0 phase?

A

cell types that are not actively dividing

(e.g - liver, nerve)

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18
Q

During mitosis and meiosis what happens to chromatin?

A

coiled and condensed ever more tightly
until the chromatids move apart

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19
Q

how many pair of chromosomes are in eukaryotes?

A

23, 22+ 1 sex chromosome

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20
Q

name of the process that segregates the chromosome

A

mitosis

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21
Q

disadvantages of interphase

A

specific chromosomes cannot be
distinguished
•DNA is loose, uncoiled
•gene expression

22
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
23
Q

what happens as cells move from G2 to start of mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • visible
24
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

•Chromatids visible
•Kinetochores develop (centromeres)
•Centrosomes = mitotic centers or poles; microtubules form between poles
to make spindle

25
Q

what happens in prometaphase?

A
  • Nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear
  • Chromosomes gradually pushed to equatorial plate
26
Q

what is Kinetochore?

A

complex of proteins associated with centromere

27
Q

what are the two types of microtubules?

A
  • Polar microtubules — form spindle; overlap in center
  • Kinetochore microtubules — attach to kinetochores on chromatids
28
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A

•all centromeres have arrived at the equatorial plate.

29
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A
  • sister chromatids separate
  • move to opposite ends of the spindle (now daughter chromosomes)
30
Q

how does sister chromatids seperate?

A
  • Cohesin is hydrolyzed by separase
  • Separase inactive before this point (bound to securing, an inhibitory subunit)
  • When all chromatids connected to spindle
  • securin is hydrolyzed
  • separase breaks down the cohesion
  • spindle checkpoint
31
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

Telophase:
•Spindle breaks down
•Chromosomes uncoil
•Nuclear envelope and nucleoli are reformed
•Two daughter nuclei are formed with identical genetic information

32
Q

how are daughter cells formed?

A

Daughter cells are formed via cleavage of the cytoplasm following nuclear division.

33
Q

cytokinesis in animal vs plant

A
34
Q

what is the function of Phragmoplast?

A

cell plate partition , partition the cytoplasm and separate the two daughter nuclei of the dividing cell.

35
Q

what are the overall functions of meiosis?

A
  • Reduce chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
  • Ensure that each product has a full set of chromosomes.
  • Promote genetic diversity among the products.
36
Q

how is meisois different from mitosis?

A

In meiosis I

  • homologous chromosome pairs come together
  • pair along their entire lengths

After metaphase I

  • homologous pairs segregate
  • sister chromatids remain together (after Metaphase II)
37
Q

what are the stages of meiosis?

A
  • Meiosis I preceded by an S phase (DNA is replicated)
  • Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids (cohesion)
  • During Prophase I, the homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis)
  • Joining at telomeres
  • mediated by recognition of homologous DNA sequences
  • Synaptonemal complex
  • protein scaffold
  • joins the homologous chromosomes.
38
Q

what is crossing over? Also known as chiasmata

A
39
Q

what meisois phase takes long time?

A

Prophase 1

40
Q

time duration for human males for prophase 1 and meiotic cycle

A

1 week for prophase I and 1 month for entire meiotic cycle

41
Q

time duration for human female for prophase 1 and meiotic cycle

A

prophase I begins before birth and completes up to decades later during the monthly ovarian cycle

42
Q

what happens in prometaphase I ?

A

•nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear.
•Spindle forms
•kinetochores of both chromatids of a
chromosome attach to the same half-spindle

43
Q

what happens during metaphase I?

A

•chromosomes are at the equatorial plate; homologous pairs held together by chiasmata.

44
Q

what happens during anaphase I?

A

•homologous chromosomes separate
•daughter nuclei contain only one set of
chromosomes
•each chromosome consists of two chromatids.

45
Q

what happens during telophase I?

A
  • Some organisms:
  • nuclear envelope reaggregates
  • followed by an interphase called interkinesis
  • Other organisms:
  • Meiosis II begins immediately
46
Q

Differences between meiosis II and mitosis

A
  • DNA does not replicate before meiosis II
  • Meiosis II, the sister chromatids may not be identical (crossing over)
  • Number of chromosomes at equatorial plate in meiosis II is half number as in mitosis
47
Q

Overview of meiosis II

A
48
Q

compare mitosis and meiosis diagram

A
49
Q

Explain cytoplasmic division in females

A
  • Unequal cytoplasmic division in females
  • Leads to polar bodies (nonfunctional)
  • 4 products of meiosis
  • Only one becomes functional gamete (oocyte)
50
Q

Explain cytoplasmic division in males

A
  • Cytoplasmic division is rather equal
  • All 4 become functional gametes (sperm)
51
Q

summary of cell division

A

BIOA01 (8 decks)

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