Chapter 10.2

Question 1

Morality Development

Answer 1

Young children shows morally relevant inclinations and behaviors very early —> potential innate moral sense, others require more evidence, social experiences and cognitive factors strongly influence moral development

Conscience begins to take shape in the early childhood –> at first, externally controlled by adults, gradually comes to be regulated by inner standards

Question 2

The Morality Development Theories

Answer 2

Psychoanalytic, Social Learning Theory, Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Question 3

Psychoanalytic

Answer 3

NOT SUPPORTED BY RESEARCH

Inductive discipline: adults help children become aware of feelings by pointing out the effects of child’s misbehavior on others

Empathy-based guilt does motivate moral action

Fear of punishment and loss of parental love motivate conscience formation and moral behavior

Question 4

Social Learning Theory

Answer 4

Parental modeling of moral behavior + reinforcement and praise for child’s moral behavior —-> warmth, competence and power, consistency

Question 5

Frequent harsh punishment promotes immediate compliance

Answer 5

not lasting changes in behavior

Question 6

Repeated harsh punishment has undesirable side effects:

Answer 6

The punishment itself models aggression

Children react with anger, resentment, and a chronic sense of being personally threatened

Children develop a conflict-ridden, defiant relationship with the punitive parent
Adults are likely to punish more frequently and harshly over time

Use of corporal punishment may transfer to the next generation

Question 7

European American

Answer 7

More often used in reaction to challenging behaviors

Parents are highly agitated and rejecting of the child

Cultural view of their harshness as wrong

Question 8

African-American families

Answer 8

More culturally approved, generally mild

Delivered in context of parental warmth

Verbal teaching

Aimed at helping children become responsible adults

Question 9

Punishment

Answer 9

Time out and Withdrawal

Question 10

Time out

Answer 10

removing children from the immediate setting

Question 11

Parents can increase the effectiveness of punishment in three ways

Answer 11

Consistency
Warm parent-child relationship
Explanations

Question 12

Positive Parenting Strategies

Answer 12

Use transgressions as opportunities to teach

Reduce opportunities for misbehavior

Provide reasons for rules
Arrange for children to participate in family routines and duties

When children are obstinate, try compromising and problem solving

Encourage mature behavior
Be sensitive to children’s physical and emotional resources

Question 13

Cognitive Developmental Perspective

Answer 13

Children as active thinkers about social rules

Preschoolers moral reasoning tends to be rigid

Morally relevant social experiences are vital for moral progress in early childhood

Question 14

Moral imperatives

Answer 14

rules that protect people’s rights and welfare where violations are more wrong and deserving of punishment than other transgressions

Question 15

Social conventions

Answer 15

customs determined soley by consensus

Question 16

Matters of personal choice

Answer 16

do not violate rights and are up to the individual

Question 17

By age 2, aggressive acts have two purposes

Answer 17

Proactive aggression: children act to fulfill a need or desire and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal

Reactive aggression: angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person

Question 18

Aggression comes in 3 forms

Answer 18

Physical
Verbal
Relational

Question 19

Physical and relational aggression can be

Answer 19

DIRECT AND INDIRECT

Question 20

By age 17 months, boys are more physically aggressive than girls

Answer 20

Biology: male sex hormones

Temperament: activity level, irritability, impulsivity

Parental gender-role attitudes

Question 21

Kids who are emotionally negative, impulsive, defiant and score low in language and executive function skills

Answer 21

–> high rates of physical or relational aggression –> poor outcomes in middle childhood and adolescence

Question 22

preschool and young school-age children may be especially likely

Answer 22

to imitate screen media violence

Question 23

Even in nonaggressive children,

Answer 23

media violence sparks hosting thoughts and behavior

Viewers quickly habituate, responding with reduced arousal to the pain and suffering of victims and with greater acceptance of violence when exposed to real-world instances.

Question 24

Parental behaviors linked to child aggression

Answer 24

Love withdrawal
Power assertion
Physical punishment
Negative comments and emotions
Inconsistency

Question 25

Relieving stressors that stem from poverty and providing families with social supports helps

Answer 25

prevent childhood aggression

Question 26

Gender typing

Answer 26

any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes

Question 27

Biological influences

Answer 27

Evolutionary adaptiveness of male and female traits
Effects of prenatal hormones

Question 28

Environmental influences

Answer 28

Family
Teachers
Peers
Broader social environment

Question 29

Gender identity

Answer 29

an internal and individual experience of gender on a continuum of masculine and feminine

Question 30

Gender Schema Theory

Answer 30

Explains how environmental pressures and children’s cognitions work together to shape gender-role development

Young children pick up gender-stereotyped preferences and behaviors from others

Question 31

Gender schemas

Answer 31

masculine and feminine categories used to interpret the world

Question 32

For a gender schematic child

Answer 32

gender is highly salient in making decisions

Question 33

Delay

Answer 33

Delay preschoolers’ exposure to gender-stereotyped messages

Question 34

Model

Answer 34

Model nontraditional gender roles

Question 35

Provide

Answer 35

Provide children with counterstereotypic behavior alternatives

Question 36

Ensure

Answer 36

Ensure that children spend time in mixed-gender activities

Question 37

Point Out

Answer 37

Point out exceptions to gender stereotypes