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Bio 111 > Chapter 10: Why Do Cells Reproduce? > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Why Do Cells Reproduce? Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic Genomes

A

Contained in a singular, circular DNA molecule

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2
Q

Eukaryotic Genomes

A

Divided into multiple linear chromosomes.

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

A threadless structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying the genetic information in the form of genes.

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4
Q

Genes

A

A unit of heredity, which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring.

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5
Q

Traits

A

A genetically determined characteristic.

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6
Q

Difference between Somatic and Gametes

A

Somatic (body) cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) and are identical to the parent cell.
Gamete (sex) cells contain 23 chromosomes and are varied from the parent.

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7
Q

Difference between Haploid and Diploid cells

A

Haploid cells contain only 1 set of chromosomes (n). Meiosis
Diploid contains 2 sets of chromosomes (2n). Mitosis

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8
Q

Chromosomes Compaction

A

The long strands of DNA are condensed into compact chromosomes for protection during cell division.

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9
Q

3 Stages of Interphase

A
  1. G1 phase = cell growth
  2. S phase = DNA synthesis
  3. G2 phase = cell growth
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10
Q

Key Events that occur during Mitosis

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Propose
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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11
Q

Prophase

A

Break down of nuclear envelope
Chromatic condenses into chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms
Cross over happens in Meiosis Prophase 1.

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12
Q

Metaphase

A

Line up @ equator
Spindles attach to chromosomes

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13
Q

Anaphase

A

Cell elongates
Sister chromatids separated in Mitosis and Meiosis 2
Homologous pairs separated in Meiosis

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14
Q

Telophase

A

Cleavage furrow
Nuclear envelope reforms

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15
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separation of cytoplasm during cell division

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16
Q

G1 gate

A

Checks for proper cell size
Delays if not proper cell size

17
Q

G2 gate

A

Checks to make sure replicated chromosomes are all there.

18
Q

M gate

A

Checks for mitotic spindle.

19
Q

Positive regulators

A

Growth hormones - increase cell division

20
Q

Negative regulators

A

Tumor suppressor genes that slow down cell division to prevent out of control replication.

21
Q

Three genetic mutations that can cause cancer

A
  1. Oncogenes - excessive growth factor
  2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 failure
  3. Epigenetic (p53) - mutations that happen around the DNA
22
Q

Describe out cancer is cause by uncontrolled cell growth

A

Mutation is tumor suppressor genes that result the cells to divide faster than can be regulated properly.

23
Q

Protooncogene vs. Oncogene

A

Protooncogene is a normal cell.
Oncogene cells prevent cell death. Resulting in uncontrollable replication of mutated cells.

24
Q

How do tumor suppressors function?

A

They delay the cell division.
Repair DNA damage if possible.
Initiate cell death - Aptosis - if repair is not possible.

25
Q

Difference between normal vs. Cancer cells

A

Normal cells are circular, attach to other cells and have programmed death.
Cancer cells are an abnormal shape, do not attach - allowing them to spread easier, and do not die.

26
Q

Haploid vs. Diploid

A

Haploid have 1 set of chromosomes and are from Meiosis.
Diploid have 2 sets of chromosomes and are from Mitosis.

27
Q

Autosomes

A

22 numbered chromosomes that determine traits throughout the individual.

28
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

1 set of sex chromosomes that determine the sex of the individual

29
Q

What can be learned from a Karyotype?

A

The number of chromosomes in an individual and their sex.

30
Q

Describe the function of Meiosis

A

Taking two parent diploid cells, convert to 2 haploid cells that are then split into 4 haploid gamete cells.

31
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Chromosomes fail to pull apart.
Results in aneuploidy.

32
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal number of chromosomes.

33
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Trisomies in the 21st chromosome. 47-XX. Increased risk in heart disease and early on set dementia.

34
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

An extra sex chromosome. Increased diabetes and difficulty going through puberty. Males only.

35
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

Missing part or all of the X chromosome. Resulting in short stature, issues with heart and liver

36
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Pair of alleles separate during Meiosis resulting in 1 allele in each gamete

37
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

38
Q

DiHybrid Cross

A

Ratio will always be 9:3:3:1

Bio 111 (1 decks)

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