chapter 10 vocabulary

Question 1

A study based on data in which no manipulation f factors has been employed

Answer 1

Observational study

Question 2

An observation study in which subjects are selected and the their previous conditions or behaviors are determined. Not based on random samples and usually focus on estimating differences differences between groups or associations between variables.

Answer 2

Retrospective study

Question 3

An observation study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes. Because no treatments are deliberately applied. this study is not an experiment.

Answer 3

Prospective study

Question 4

to manipulate factor levels to create treatment, randomly assigns subjects to those treatment levels , then compare those responses to groups across the treatment level.

Answer 4

experiment

Question 5

to be valid,an experiment must assign experimental units to treatment groups at random.

Answer 5

random assignment

Question 6

a variable whose levels are manipulated by the experimenter in an attempt to discover any effects that the factor levels may have response variable.

Answer 6

factor

Question 7

a variable whose values are compared across different treatments. in a randomized experiment, large response, differences can be attributed to the effect of differences in a treatment level.

Answer 7

response

Question 8

individuals on whom an experiment is performed. usually called subjects or participants when they are human.

Answer 8

experimental units

Question 9

the specific values that the experimenter chooses for a factor are called the ______ of the factor

Answer 9

level

Question 10

the process applied to randomly assigned experiment units. _______are the different levels of the factor

Answer 10

treatment

Question 11

control, randomize, and replicate are all parts of this they are all principles of _______ ____

Answer 11

principles of an experimental design

Question 12

all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving treatment

Answer 12

completely randomized design

Question 13

when an observed difference is too large for us to believe that it is likely to have occurred by chance

Answer 13

statistically significant

Question 14

the experimental units assigned to a baseline treatment level or placebo treatment. their responses provide a basis for comparison.

Answer 14

control group

Question 15

when every individual in one group is blinded to their treatment

Answer 15

single blind design

Question 16

when every individual in both groups are blinded from their treatment.

Answer 16

double blind design

Question 17

a treatment known to have no effect administered so that all groups experience the same conditions.

Answer 17

placebo

Question 18

the tendency of many human subjects to show a response even when administered a fake treatment

Answer 18

placebo effect

Question 19

randomized, double blinded, comparative, and placebo- controlled: are qualities of what?

Answer 19

features of the best experiment

Question 20

when there are pre-existing differences among the groups of experimental units, we isolate the differences so that we can see the effect of the treatment more clearly

Answer 20

blocking (design)

Question 21

in a retrospective or prospective study or an experiment subjects who are similar in some ways, not under study are compared.

Answer 21

matching (design)

Question 22

when the levels of one factor are associated with the levels of another factor in such a way that their effect cannot be separated.

Answer 22

confounding

Question 23

when you make known the reason why something happened and the result of that reason

Answer 23

proving cause and effect