Chapter 10- The Heart

Question 1

how many gallons of blood does the heart pump per day?

Answer 1

about 2K gallons

Question 2

what are the top 5 causes of death in the US?

Answer 2

1. heart disease
2. cancer
3. lower respiratory disease
4. accidents
5. strokes

Question 3

what is the MC cause of heart disease?

Answer 3

contractile failure

Question 4

what are the 6 types of causes of heart disease?

Answer 4

1. contractile failure (MC)
2. obstruction of flow
3. regurgitant flow ( floppy valve)
4. shunt flow (hole in heart)
5. disordered cardiac conduction
6. ruptured vessel or heart wall

Question 5

what is general definition of heart failure?

Answer 5

heart fails to meet tissue demands

Question 6

what is the MC cause of CHF?

Answer 6

decreased cardiac output

Question 7

what are the two causes of CHF?

Answer 7

1. decreased cardiac output (MC)
2. increase tissue demand (rare)
   - hyperthyroidism, severe anemia, AV fistula
   - High-Output Failure

Question 8

why is heart disease a common form of death?

Answer 8

poor prognosis (also progressive)

Question 9

T/F. CHF will produce non-pitting edema and inflammatory edema.

Answer 9

false, CHF will produce pitting edema and non-inflammatory edema.

Question 10

what are the 3 types of dysfunction related to heart failure?

Answer 10

1. systolic (common)
2. diastolic
3. valvular

Question 11

what type of heart failure dysfunction will cause a weak contraction due to CAD, systemic HTN, and/or shock?

Answer 11

systolic

Question 12

what type of heart failure dysfunction will cause a failed relaxtion which causes decreased filling due to amyloidosis, left-side hypertrophy, and/or pericardial tamponade?

Answer 12

diastolic

Question 13

what type of heart failure dysfunction is described as a failure to effectively seal due to stenosis and/or endocarditis from viruses, Lupus, or rheumatic fever?

Answer 13

valvular

Question 14

in regard to heart failure, what is forward failure?

Answer 14

insufficient output leading to hypoxia

Question 15

in regard to heart failure, what is backward failure?

Answer 15

venous congestion leading to increased venous blood volume and pressure (pitting edema)

Question 16

T/F. forward failure is almost always accompanied by backward failure, therefore impacting virtually every organ and stimulating cardiac adaptations

Answer 16

true

Question 17

what are 3 cardiovascular adaptations due to heart failure?

Answer 17

1. Frank-Starling
2. Neurohumoral
3. structural

Question 18

what cardiovascular adaptation detects an increase in myofiber stretching and causes an increased cardiac output causing compensated heart failure, but comes at the expense of increased oxygen requirements and wall tension leading to decompensated heart failure?

Answer 18

Frank Starling mechanism

Question 19

what two hormones are associated with the neurohumoral mechanism of cardiovascular adaptation and what do they do?

Answer 19

Norepinephrine- increase HR and contractility

ANP- diuresis and vasodilation (balances NE)

Question 20

how does the renin-angiotensin system impact the neurohumoral mechanism of cardiovascular adaptations during compensated heart failure?

Answer 20

spurs water and salt retention and increases blood pressure (this is good short term, but bad long term)