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Massage Therapy > Chapter 10 Test Carries Class > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Test Carries Class Flashcards

1
Q

What is soft tissue deformation

A

Change in shape of soft tissue through external or internal forces

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2
Q

Examples of external forces used to create soft tissue deformations

A

•compressive forces/ compression
•tensile forces/ tension
•twisting forces/ torsion
•shearing forces

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3
Q

Examples of internal soft tissue deformation

A

•gravity
•poor body mechanics

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4
Q

What happens when you have internal soft tissue deformation

A

Internal forces may result in muscle tension from the force of gravity pulling on the tissues
Poor body mechanics may cause soft tissue to tighten, shorten, weaken or lengthen resulting in possible nerve compression, pain or dysfunction

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5
Q

What happens when you apply external forces to deform soft tissue

A

External forces may be applied therapeutically to positively affect soft tissue structures

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6
Q

What soft tissues are affected by applying therapeutic forces

A

•skin
•subcutaneous fascia
•deep fascia
•myofascia
•muscle
•as well as nerves, nerve endings, blood vessels, and lymph associated with those soft tissues

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7
Q

What can therapist use to apply compression forces?

A

Fingers
Palms
Entire hand
Fist
Forearm

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8
Q

How can compression be used as an assessment tool?

A

May be used as an assessment tool to examine…
Repetivity
Resistance
Tension
Tissue density
Or mobility of tissue

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9
Q

Compression forces can be used to?

A

Enhance local circulation
May sedate/stimulate tissue
Override nerve impulses
Separate fascia

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10
Q

Initial effect of compression forces?

A

Press/reduce space between structures

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11
Q

Secondary effect of compression forces?

A

Rebound/opening/expanding tissue
Can passively shorten or compress a muscle

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12
Q

What is Tensile force/tension

A

Opposite of compression used to elongate tissue by pulling layers of tissue apart from each other

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13
Q

How to apply tension forces?

A

Engaging tissue with two hand + moving hands away from each other
Using little to no lubricant
This can be applied by..
Tractioning
Pulling
Stretching
Or lengthening the targeted tissues

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14
Q

What happens to the tissues and muscles when therapist applies tension forces?

A

Elongate or stretch tissue between hands
Can be used to separate or stretch muscle fibers or to enhance the elasticity of facia and other soft tissue

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15
Q

Tension forces helps?

A

Elongate shortened tissues
Reduce adhesions
Improve ROM
Improves elasticity of fascia

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16
Q

What is muscle tension?

A

The result of increased motor nerve activity, causing the muscle to contract or increase its tone

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17
Q

Extreme or sudden tensile force on soft tissues?

A

•Is a common cause of injuries such as
•Ligament sprains
•Muscle strains
•Nerve traction injuries

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18
Q

What does Twisting forces/Torsion/torque do to the tissues? How?

A

Deforms tissues by shifting structures against each other
(Compressing and twisting one end of structure in one for while other end is help or compressed twisting in opposite direction)

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19
Q

Twisting forces/torsion or torque techniques include?

A

Kneading and wringing movements

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20
Q

Twisting/ torsion methods help?

A

Break up adhesive bonds between tissues
Enhance local circulation
Make muscle more pliable

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21
Q

What does Shearing forces do to tissue

A

Deforms tissue by shifting different structures agains each other

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22
Q

How to apply shearing forces?

A

Frictioning techniques
By using fingers pushed deeply and moving back/forth or circular movements

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23
Q

Shearing forces help?

A

•Generate heat
•Create therapeutic inflammation that warms the connective tissue, thus helping increase its pliability
•Helps reduce adhesions
Reorganize collagen and fiber alignment

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24
Q

What are the 7 common massage methods

A

• static
• gliding
• torsion
• shearing
• oscillating
• percussive
• joint movement

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25
Q

How to apply Static method?

A

•Hands are positioned + held for a fixed length of time
•Can gently rest hand on body or pressing into trigger point or supporting body

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26
Q

Static method helps?

A

•Helps establish trust (good opener)
•Helps create stillness
•Sedate or stimulate nervous system

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27
Q

4 Types of static methods?

A

•Stationary touch
•Ishemic compression
•Holding
•METS

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28
Q

How to apply gliding methods

A

Applied with a smooth continuous motion that do not lose contact with clients skin (except for energy or aura strokes)

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29
Q

Lighter gliding methods help?

A

•Apply Lubricant evenly
•Warm the tissues
•Introduce the client to deeper techniques
•Feel pleasurable
•Stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system response, which promotes relaxation

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30
Q

Deeper gliding methods help?

A

Deform tissue with tensile, shearing + compressive forces

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31
Q

Therapist uses gliding methods to distinguish?

A

One type of tissue from another
Detect texture, density and tension

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32
Q

Types of gliding methods?

A

Aura stroking
Feather stroking
Effleurage
Light, medium, or Deep gliding

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33
Q

Torsion methods

A

Deforms tissue by compressing/twisting

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34
Q

Torsion methods are used to?

A

Loosen/soften superficial tissue
Broadens + stretches fascia

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35
Q

Torsion methods help?

A

Enhance local circulation
Making tissue more pliable by loosening adhered fibers

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36
Q

Types of torsion methods?

A

Skin rolling
Fulling
Wringing
Petrissage (kneading)

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37
Q

Shearing methods

A

Pulling/moving perpendicular against each other

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38
Q

Shearing methods helps?

A

Producing heat
Increase blood flow
Stretch/broaden tissue
Reduce adhesions

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39
Q

Types of shearing methods

A

Circular
Cross fiber
Linear friction

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40
Q

Oscillating methods

A

Deform soft tissue with momentum created by back and forth vibrating or rocking movements

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41
Q

Benefits of oscillating methods?

A

Stimulating/relaxing nervous system
Loosening muscles
Stimulating peristalsis
Release emotion holding
Lower tension in muscles
Create movement/ open joints
Reduce tension on attachments
Revealing holding patterns
Moving stagnant energy

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42
Q

Types of oscillating methods?

A

Vibrating
Shaking
Rocking
Jostling

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43
Q

Percussive methods

A

Rapid rhythmic contact

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44
Q

Percussive methods help

A

Initially stimulate
Prolonged will relax tissue (sedate)
Warm the muscles
Stimulate nervous system

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45
Q

Types of percussive methods

A

Tapping
Slapping
Cupping
Hacking
Beating

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46
Q

Joint movements includes

A

Passive joint movements
Passive stretching
Active joint movements
Active resisted
Active assisted
ROM techniques

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47
Q

Types of joint movements

A

MET- muscle energy techniques
PNF- proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques

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48
Q

Joint movement methods encourage

A

•More freedom of movement by stretching muscle and fascia
•Renewing bodies awareness of movement potential
•Stimulating production of synovial fluid
•Stimulate lymph and blood flow in area

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49
Q

Factors that influence massage strokes

A

Intention
Direction
Speed
Length
Duration
Rhythm
Pressure

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50
Q

Therapeutic intention

A

•Having a desired goal when performing a certain technique
•Mindfulness of treatment options that are chosen will affect outcome of massage
• intent of massage is determined pre assessment + interview + influenced by wishes/needs of client

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51
Q

Engaging the tissues

A

Working with and Into various layers of soft tissue
Touch is noninvasive + evokes sensitivity + communication with the tissue

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52
Q

Direction of strokes toward the heart help

A

•Centripal- strokes towards the heart
•Enhance blood and lymph circulation
•Reduce edema
•Relaxing + soothing

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53
Q

Direction of stokes away from the heart helps

A

Centri fugal- strokes away from heart
Stimulating + energizing

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54
Q

Direction of strokes across the fiber

A

Stretch + soften adhesions

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55
Q

What is edema

A

Excess fluid in the interstitial spaces

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56
Q

Quicker strokes help

A

Stimulate

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57
Q

Slower stokes help?

A

Relax

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58
Q

Rhythm of massage

A

Steady + slightly slower then clients breathing pace - relaxation massage

More upbeat rhythm - sport massage

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59
Q

What is Adhesions

A

A bond of scar tissue that joins two surfaces of the body that are usually separate (stuck together)

60
Q

What is scar tissue

A

An area of fibrous tissue that replace normal skin after injury

61
Q

Superficial touch helps

A

Reducing pain
Lower blood pressure
Controlling nervous irritability

62
Q

Main goal of superficial touch?

A

Provide comfort + calming connection

63
Q

Static touch with deep pressure helps?

A

Sooth muscle spasms
Relaxing pain and reflex areas
Stress points
Trigger points in muscles

64
Q

Feather stroking (nerve stroking) helps

A

2/3 strokes Slightly stimulate the nerves
More repetitions have more of a sedating response

65
Q

Superficial gliding helps?

A

Overcome fatigue/restlessness
Soothing to nervous or irritated people

66
Q

Benefits of deep gliding

A

Shearing/elongating effect on muscles and fascia
Enhance local fluid movement
Increase relaxation
Palpating deeper tissue

67
Q

Kneading/petrissage

A

Deforms tissue by compressing + twisting

68
Q

Kneading/petrissage helps

A

Enhance fluid movement
Soften + broaden superficial tissue
Reduce adhesions
Stretch muscle and fascia
Reduce atrophy
Enhance muscle tone

69
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Muscle shrinks from not using it

70
Q

Skin rolling helps?

A

Warms
Stretches underlaying fascia
Begins to separate adhesions between fascial sheaths

71
Q

Superficial shearing friction helps?

A

Warm superficial tissues
Stimulate superficial circulation

72
Q

Deep shearing friction helps?

A

•Flatten/broaden/stretch/separate tissue
•Produce heat
•Soften adhesions
•Aids in absorption of fluid around the joint
•Increase metabolic activity
•Adding heat + energy also affects the connective tissues surrounding muscle making it more pliable

73
Q

What is hyperemia

A

Hyper-increase or excessive
emia-blood

Increased blood in area of the body

74
Q

What’s fibrosis

A

Thickening or scarring of the tissue

75
Q

Circular shearing friction helps

A

Produce heat
Stretch and loosen fascia
Can also palpate an area when assessing underlying tissues

76
Q

What are the two types of Directional friction?

A

Cross fiber
Longitudinal friction

77
Q

Cross fiber friction helps

A

Broaden, separate and align fibrous tissues
Break up adhesions
Soften scar tissue
Rehabilitation of fibrous tissue injuries

78
Q

Ways to apply cross fiber friction?

A

•Usually applied with finger tips or thumbs
•Stroke is broad enough +deep enough to reach targeted tissue
•When massaging fibrous band stroke is short so it just snaps across the fiber
•Another way to apply is to compress and move the limb (good for joints)

79
Q

Cross fiber friction also known as?

A

Transverse friction

80
Q

Using cross fiber friction while fibrous tissue Injury is healing helps?

A

Promotes formation of elastic fibrous tissue
Reduces the formation of fibrosis and scar tissue
This helps so that the healed Injury retains its original strength and pliability

81
Q

Using cross fiber friction on old injury sites help?

A

Break down some adhesion’s and fibrosis
Increasing pliability and mobility
Reducing chance to re-injury

82
Q

Longitudinal friction is intended to?

A

Stretch tissue
Align collagen fibrils within fascia

83
Q

Effects and benefits of Torsion methods

A

•Superficial friction causes superficial hyperemia
•Produces heat in the skin and superficial tissues
•Stretches, broadens and loosens tissues
•Break down connective tissue adhesions
•Increase pliability of tissue
•Cause mild therapeutic inflammation
•Promotes more pliable scar formation

84
Q

How is Rolling accomplish?

A

Rapid back and forth movement with hands where flesh is rolled around axis (imaginary centre line of a body part)

85
Q

Intention of rolling?

A

Warm tissue
Relax tissue
Encourages deep muscle relaxation

86
Q

How is Chucking accomplished?

A

Grasping flesh firmly + moving it up and down along the bone

87
Q

How is Compression accomplished

A

Rhythmic pressing movements directed into muscle (rhythmic pumping)

88
Q

Compression helps?

A

Bring more blood and fluid to tissue
Cause enhance circulation and lasting hyperemia in the tissue
(Popular pre-event sports massages)

89
Q

Shaking methods help?

A

Help client release tension
Can help therapist tell where client is storing tension

90
Q

If an area is ridged it indicates?

A

Tension

91
Q

How to apply jostling

A

Most effective after muscles have been exerted (workout/competition)
Muscles are shortened + relaxed, grasp across entire muscle, lift slightly away * shake quickly

92
Q

How to apply rocking

A

Body part is pushed away and slightly allowed to roll back

93
Q

Rocking helps

A

Sooth and relax tense muscles

94
Q

How to apply Vibration

A

Continuous shaking or trembling movement

95
Q

Vibration is used to?

A

•When applied for long periods of time with pressure can anesthetize/numb or Desensitize an area
•When applied lightly it’s relaxing and releases tension

96
Q

How to apply Percussive methods/ tapotment

A

Quick striking manipulations such as tapping, beating, slapping

97
Q

Percussive methods help?

A

Highly stimulating
Tone muscle
Impart a healthy glow
Muscle first contracts then relaxes

98
Q

How to apply Tapping?

A

With finger tips
Most superficial percussive method
Used over delicate or sensitive areas

99
Q

How to apply Cupping?

A

With cupped palm of hand
Usually over posterior rib cage

100
Q

What does cupping help?

A

Help bring up lung congestion

101
Q

How to apply slapping

A

Flattened palm or fingers

102
Q

Slapping methods help?

A

Very stimulating
Enhances circulation
Gives “glow” to area

103
Q

How to apply hacking

A

A rapid striking movement using the side of hand

104
Q

Hacking helps?

A

Encourage relaxation
Encourage local circulation
Help stimulate nerve responses in muscles Helping firm them

105
Q

How to apply Beating

A

This is the heaviest and deepest form of percussion (but force is never heavy or hard)
Hands are held in lose fists + striking movement

106
Q

Initial Effects and benefits of percussion

A

Stimulating

107
Q

Prolonged effects and benefits of percussion methods?

A

Encourages relaxation
Have an anesthetic effect on some nerve endings

108
Q

Deeper application of percussion effects and benefits

A

Cause vasodilation
Increase circulation

109
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessels muscular walls

110
Q

How to apply passive joint movements? (PJM)

A

•Client remains relaxed + allows practitioner to stretch + move the part of the body
•Always support the limb + move it in a normal moving pattern
•If it is to asses only move to the point of resistance (note the extent and quality of movement)

111
Q

Passive joint movements help

A

Help practitioner asses the ROM of body part
Gently stretches the fibrous connective tissue
Improve joint mobility

112
Q

If the passive joint movement is therapeutic you should?

A

Challenge the ROM by slightly extending or pushing into the end of the movement

113
Q

How to apply Active joint movement

A

•Client moves the joints without any intervention from therapist
•Can be used as an assessment tool if any limitations exist

114
Q

How to apply Active assistive joint movement

A

Done by moving limb passively through the desired movement, therapist assisted and repeated several times

115
Q

Active assistive helps?

A

Restore mobility to an injured limb
Used when client cannot move a limb to its full ROM

116
Q

How to apply Active resisted joint movement?

A

Movement made by client + resisted by therapist

117
Q

What does active resisted movements help?

A

mobility
flexibility
strength

118
Q

What are Anatomical barriers

A

Limit movement (ROM) because of a physical structure of the joint. Can result in damage if go beyond this barrier

119
Q

What are physiological barriers?

A

•Can be the anatomic barrier
Due to bone to bone (elbow)
•Can be due to soft tissue approximation (flexion of elbow, biceps press agains forearm restricting further movement)
•Sometimes due to pull on ligaments (hypertension of hips)

120
Q

What are Pathological barriers?

A

Same as physiological but occurs either before end of ROM or is accompanied by pain or discomfort that will restrict movement
(Tense muscle, injury, scar tissue, inflammation can restrict ROM)

121
Q

What are End feels

A

•The change in the quality of movement from the first sense of resistance to the extent of the physiologic or anatomic barrier
•Good assessment tool

122
Q

What is Hard end feel

A

Bone to bone (extension on elbow)

123
Q

What is soft end feel

A

The soft tissue prevents further movement (knee flexion)

124
Q

What is empty end feel

A

The restriction of the joint movement doesn’t meet its full ROM due to pain

125
Q

Hard, soft end feel without pain indicates?

A

Normal healthy tissue

126
Q

Encountering a hard end feel before the normal physiological barrier indicates?

A

Abnormal function or empty end feel

127
Q

A soft end feel before normal physiological barrier could indicate?

A

Restriction in muscle, fascia or neuromuscular guarding

128
Q

Ankle joint play flexion

A

Out and pointed

129
Q

Ankle joint play dorsiflexion

A

Up and towards self

130
Q

Ankle joint play inflexion

A

Twist inward

131
Q

Ankle joint play efflexion

A

Twist outward

132
Q

Hip joint play

A

Lateral + medial rotation

133
Q

Shoulder joint play horizontal abduction

A

Flexion /up

134
Q

Shoulder joint play horizontal aduction

A

Extension/ back

135
Q

Scapula stretches laying prone

A

Pulling back / pushing in

136
Q

Medial + lateral rotation Scapula stretches laying prone

A

Rotate arm up and out
Rotate arm up and back

137
Q

Scapula stretched abduction + aduction

A

Out and up and down

138
Q

Neck joint play in prone
Flexion

A

Chin down pushing head upward

139
Q

Neck joint play in prone
Extension

A

Chin back + arm supporting neck

140
Q

Neck joint play in prone
Lateral rotations?

A

?

141
Q

Neck joint play in prone
Lateral extensions

A

Cross arms 1 on head other on shoulder and push slightly

142
Q

Neck joint play in prone
Lateral extensions

A

Cross arms 1 on head other on shoulder and push slightly

143
Q

Static methods
What is stationary touch

A

Lightly touching the skin so that no pressure or movement is applied to the underlying soft tissue

144
Q

Static methods
Ischemic compression

A

Deliberately increase the blockage of blood to an area so that upon release there will be a resurgence of blood

145
Q

Static touch
MET

A

Uses muscles energy in the form of gentle isometric contractions to relax and lengthen the muscle

Massage Therapy (1 decks)

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