chapter 10 study table

Question 1

What are the 5 mode of actions for an antibacterial?

Answer 1

1.Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function
3.Inhibition of protein synthesis
4. Interference with cell membrane structure and function
5. Inhibition of folic acid synthesis

Question 2

Antibacterial: 1.Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Answer 2

Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems

Question 3

Antibacterial: 2. Inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function

Answer 3

Quinolones, Rifampin

Question 4

Antibacterial 3. Inhibition of protein synthesis

Answer 4

Tetracycline, glycylcines, macrolides,

Question 5

Antibacterial 4. Interference with cell membrane structure and function

Answer 5

Polymxins, Daptomycin

Question 6

Antibacterial 5. Inhibition of folic acid synthesis

Answer 6

Sulfonamides- sulfasoxazole, siler sulfadiazine, Trimethoprim

Question 7

effective against more than one group of bacteria:
Tetracycline antibiotics

Answer 7

Broad-spectrum drugs:

Question 8

Narrow-spectrum drugs:

Answer 8

target a specific group:
Polymyxin

Question 9

Describe if penicillin was originally broad or narrow spectrum, what happened as it evolved.

Answer 9

• Original penicillin was narrow-spectrum and susceptible to microbial counterattacks.
• Molecule has been altered and improved upon over the years
• Later penicillins overcome the limitations of the original molecule.

Question 10

How are bacteria with biofilms affected by antibiotics?

Answer 10

Bacteria in biofilms behave differently than when they are free-living:

Often unaffected by antimicrobials

Antibiotics often cannot penetrate the sticky extracellular material surrounding biofilms.

Bacteria in biofilms express a different phenotype and have different antibiotic susceptibility profiles than free-living bacteria

Question 11

What are some biofilm treatmen strategies?

Answer 11

Interrupting quorum sensing pathways
Daptomycin: shown success
Adding DNAse to antibiotics aids penetration through extracellular debris

Impregnating devices with antibiotics prior to implantation

Some antibiotics cause biofilms to form at a higher rate than they normally would.

Question 12

Eukaryotic cells that present special problems in chemotherapy
Why?

Answer 12

Drugs designed to act on bacteria are ineffective against fungi.

Similarities between fungal and human cells means that drugs toxic to fungi will harm human tissues.

Only a few agents with special antifungal properties have been developed.

Question 13

Quinine drug use protozoal

Answer 13

Principal treatment of malaria for hundreds of years
Has been replaced by synthesized quinolones, chloroquine and primaquine
Several species of Plasmodium and many stages in its life cycle means that no drug is universally effective

Question 14

Metronidazole: widely used amoebicide:
Protozoal use

Answer 14

Treats intestinal infections and hepatic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica

Also treats Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 15

Other protozoal dugs

Answer 15

Quinacrine
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines

Question 16

What are some challenges with helminthic drugs?

Answer 16

Flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms are larger parasites.
Their physiology is much more similar to humans.
Blocking reproduction does not affect adult worms.
Most effective drugs immobilize, disintegrate, or inhibit the metabolism of all stages of the life cycle.

Question 17

Mebendazole and albendazole inhibit microtubules of

Answer 17

worms, eggs, and larvae.