Chapter 10 - Social Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

What is interpersonal attraction and what factors influence this attraction? Define each factor.

A

Interpersonal attraction = why we like other ppl
- Similarity = same IQ, height, age, religion, etc.

  • Self-disclosure = sharing fears, thoughts, and goals w/ someone else w/o judgment
  • Reciprocity = we like ppl who we think like us back
  • Proximity = being physically close to someone
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2
Q

Does an aggressive behavior have to include the intent to do harm? Does it have to be physical in nature?

A

Aggression = physical, VERBAL, or NONVERBAL behavior w/ intent to cause harm or INCREASE SOCIAL DOMINANCE
- Answer = NO

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3
Q

What are the 4 attachment styles? Describe each one & how a child reacts towards their caregiver.

A

Attachment = bond btw child & caregiver

1) Secure attachment = caregiver is available & responsive towards distressed child
- Sad when caregiver leaves & comforted by their return
- Trusts caregiver (secure base)
- Child is more likely to explore

2) Avoidant attachment = caregiver has little to no response for distressed child
- Doesn’t really care if caregiver leaves or returns
- No preference for stranger or caregiver

3) Ambivalent attachment (aka anxious-ambivalent) = caregiver has inconsistent response to distressed child
- Sad when caregiver leaves, but has mixed reactions when they return
- Child can’t rely on caregiver

4) Disorganized = no clear pattern of behavior, caregiver has erratic behavior and/or social withdrawal
- Mixed behavior for caregiver’s absence & presence
- Child exhibits repetitive behaviors (rocking) or seems dazed, frozen, or confused
- Red flag for abuse

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4
Q

What is social support? List and describe the common types of social support.

A

Social support = perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

  • Emotional = having empathy for someone’s feelings
  • Esteem = assuring someone of their skills & abilities
  • Material = financial or material/tangible contribution for someone
  • Informational = giving info to help someone
  • Network = give someone a sense of belonging

*An increase in social support is associated with an increase in overall health

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5
Q

What’s altruism?

A

Altruism = selflessness (cost to oneself in order to help someone else)
- Empathy-altruism hypothesis = help someone when one feels empathy for them despite the cost
> Ppl argue that this happens when benefits&raquo_space; costs

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6
Q

How is the amygdala and prefrontal cortex related to aggression? What other factors may affect aggression?

A

Amygdala = associates stimuli w/ rewards or punishments
- If activated –> more aggression

Prefrontal cortex = reduces emotional reactivity and impulsiveness
- If activated –> less aggression

Other factors:

  • High testosterone
  • Cognitive neoassociation model = more likely to be angry when we’re tired, sick, tired, frustrated, or in pain
  • Exposure to violent behavior
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7
Q

List and describe different types of social cognitive biases.

A
  • Primacy effect = 1st impressions are more impt. for developing perception of someone else
  • Recency effect = more recent info is used to develop impression of someone
  • Reliance on central traits = tendency to organize perception of others based on traits & personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver
  • Halo effect = judging someone based on one’s overall impression of them (ex: good person can only do good things)
  • Just-world hypothesis = only good things happen to good people & vice versa, belief in “just world” so ppl get what they deserve (karma)
  • Self-serving bias = successes are due to dispositional (internal) factors while failures are due to situational (external) factors ~ protects one’s self-esteem
    > Self-enhancement = need to maintain self-worth & can be done through internal attribution of successes and external attribution of failures
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8
Q

What is attribution theory? What are the 2 types of attribution?

A

Attribution theory = ppl tend to infer causes for other ppl’s behavior

2 types of attribution:

  • Dispositional (internal) –> BEHAVIOR (person’s features)
  • Situational (external) –> SURROUNDINGS (envt & social context)
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9
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

Bias towards internal attributions rather than external attributions in regards to other’s actions

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10
Q

What is attribute substitution?

A

Ppl make complex judgments, but use a simpler solution or heuristic

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11
Q

What will most likely happen to someone that has a damaged ventromedial hypothalamus? What happens if the lateral hypothalamus is damaged?

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus = promotes satiety (satisfaction/fullness)
- If damaged –> increased food intake (can’t be satisfied)

Lateral hypothalamus = promotes hunger
- If damaged –> loss of hunger (nothing stimulates hunger)

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12
Q

List and describe various types of mating systems.

A
  • Monogamy = exclusive mating relationship
  • Polygamy = male is exclusive w/ many females (polygyny)
  • Polyandry = female is exclusive w/ many males
  • Promiscuity = members of on sex mate w/ anyone of opposite sex (no exclusivity)
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13
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of mate choice?

A

Mate choice (aka intersexual selection) is based on attraction
> Mate bias = choosiness in selecting a mate
*Evolutionary mech. aimed at increasing species’
fitness

1) Phenotypic benefits = observable traits that make a mate more attractive
- Indicate increased production and survival of offspring

2) Sensory bias = development of trait to match preexisting preference that exists in the population

3) Fisherian (or runaway selection) = when a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more exaggerated over time
- Positive feedback mechanism
- More attractive trait –> more likely to be passed on (but w/ survival disadvantage to organism)

4) Indicator traits = traits show good health and increase organism’s attractiveness

5) Genetic compatibility = creating mate pairs that have complementary genetics when combined
- Less frequency of rec. genetic disorders w/in population due to attraction to very different genetic makeup

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14
Q

What’s the difference between direct benefits and indirect benefits?

A
  • Direct benefits = give advantages for mate (aka provide protection, emotional support)
  • Indirect benefits = give advantages to offspring (aka better offspring survival)
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15
Q

What are the strategies associated with game theory?

A

Game theory = explains decision-making behavior based on costs & benefits
- Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) = when one is adopted by a population, natural selection prevents alternative strategies from arising
> Passed onto offspring in order to increase fitness

1) Altruism (-/+)
2) Cooperation (+/+)
3) Spite = (-/-)
4) Selfishness = (+/-)

*Donor/recipient

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16
Q

What are the components of social perception?

A

Social perception (aka social cognition) = how we make judgments and impressions about other ppl

1) Perceiver
- Influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state
2) Target
- Person in which perception is made about
3) Situation
- A given social context can determine what info is available to the perceiver

17
Q

What is impression bias?

A

Selecting specific cues to build impression of others that are consistent over time
- Implicit personality theory = sets of assumptions ppl make about how diff types of ppl related to their traits and behavior

18
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

Measure of an organism’s success in the population

- Based on # of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to support others

19
Q

What are the different types of cues and what does each type tell us?

A
  • Consistency cues = consistent behavior of a person over time
  • Consensus cues = extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others (matches others’ behavior)
  • Distinctiveness cues = extent to which a person uses similar behavior in diff scenarios (uses similar behavior in similar situations)
20
Q

How does cultural attribution play a role in individualist cultures vs. collectivist cultures?

A
  • Individualist cultures = high value on self, personal goals, and independence (White ppl)
    > Tend to make more fundamental attribution errors
  • Collectivist cultures = individuals are members of a group, high value on conformity and interdependence (Asians & Africans)
    > Tend to attribute behavior to situational factors
21
Q

What are the distinctions between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

A
  • Stereotypes = attitudes and impressions are made w/ limited or superficial info about a person or group
    > COGNITIVE
    Types include:
    1) Paternalistic = group is looked down upon
    • Low status, not competitive
      2) Contempt = group is viewed w/ resentment,
      annoyance, or anger
    • Low status, competitive
      3) Envious = group is viewed w/ jealousy, bitterness, or
      distrust
    • High status, competitive
      4) Admiration = group is viewed w/ pride and other
      positive feelings
    • High status, not competitive
  • Prejudice = irrational negative, or occasionally positive, attitude toward a person, group, or thing, which is formed prior to an actual experience and is affective
    > AFFECTIVE
    » Propaganda = how large organizations & political groups attempt to create prejudices in others
  • Discrimination = prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated diff. than others and is behavioral
    > BEHAVIORAL
    > Individual vs. institutional discrimination
22
Q

List and describe the types of social inequality that can influence prejudice.

A
  • Power = ability to do whatever w/o obstacles
  • Prestige = respect shown to someone
  • Class = SES
  • B/c of unequal distribution of wealth, influence, and resources
23
Q

How does ethnocentrism differ from cultural relativism?

A
  • Ethnocentrism = making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture
    > In-group = ppl experience sense of belonging or identify as members
    > Out-group = social group one doesn’t identify w/
  • Cultural relativism = perception of another culture as just diff. from one’s own
    > Recognizing that social groups and cultures
24
Q

How is stereotype threat different from self-fulfilling prophecy?

A
  • Self-fulfilling prophecy = create conditions that lead to confirming a stereotype
  • Stereotype threat = concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group