Chapter 10: Social Thinking Flashcards
What is the mere exposure effect (familiarity effect)?
People prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently (ex. disliking a song at first then liking it after listening to it multiple times)
What is the cognitive neoassociation model?
We are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.
Describe secure attachment.
Child has consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that he or she has a secure base to return to. Child is upset at departure of caregiver and comforted by their return.
Describe avoidant attachment.
Caregiver has little or no response to distressed child. Children show no preference between a stranger and caregiver. Children show little or no distress when the caregiver leavers and little relief when they return.
Describe ambivalent attachment.
Caregiver has inconsistent response to a child’s distress. Child is unable to form a secure base. Child is very distressed on separation from caregiver but has mixed response when they return. Child is anxious about the reliability of the caregiver.
Describe disorganized attachment.
Child show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence but instead show a mix of different behaviors. Often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal. Red flag for abuse.
Does the lateral hypothalamus promote hunger or satiety?
Hunger
Does the ventromedial hypothalamus promote hunger or satiety?
Satiety
What is polygamy? Polyandry? Polygyny?
Male having relationships with multiple females (polygyny) or female having relationships with multiple males (polyandry).
What is the difference between direct and indirect benefits when choosing a mate?
Direct benefits: provide advantages to the mate
Indirect benefits: provide advantages to the offspring
What is Fisherian or runaway selection?
A positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time (ex. peacock plumage).
What is empathy?
The ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another.
What is inclusive fitness?
A measure of an organism’s success in the population. Based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to support others.
Promotes the idea that altruistic behavior can improve fitness and success of a species as a whole.
What is the difference between the primacy effect and recency effect on impression?
Primacy effect: first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions
Recency effect: the most recent information we have about an individual that is the most important in forming our impressions
What is the halo effect?
Tendency to allow a general impression about a person (I like Judy) to influence other more specific evaluations (Judy is a good mother, Judy can do no wrong).
What is the Just-World Hypothesis?
Good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people, noble actions are rewarded and evil actions are punished. Increases likelihood of victim blaming because it denies the possibility of innocent victims.
What is self-serving bias?
Individuals will view their own success based on internal factors while viewing failures based on external factors. All bad things are based on situational factors beyond our control. Used to protect our self-esteem.
What is fundamental attribution theory?
People are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions (ex. when a member in a group doesn’t complete part of a project, we think they are lazy before considering they might be sick)
What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?
Stereotypes are cognitive. Refers to expectations and opinions about characteristics of members of a group.
Prejudice is affective. Refers to overall attitude and emotional response to a group.
Discrimination is behavioral. Refers to differences in actions toward different groups.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype.
Ex. med students are stereotypes as being unable to throw knots during surgery. With this knowledge, med students are nervous to suture and may struggle because of this stereotype.
What is stereotype threat?
Concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group. This may hinder performance and maybe lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
What is ethnocentrism?
The practice of making judgements about other cultures based on values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion.
What is cultural relativism?
The perception of another culture as different from one’s own but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself. Accepting of the culture as just different, not inferior to one’s own culture.
What is the difference between individual discrimination and institutional discrimination?
Individual: one person discriminating against a particular person or group
Institutional: discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution
What is interpersonal interaction and what is it influenced by?
Phenomenon of individuals liking/attracting each other (having a crush, choosing your bf). It is influenced by physical characteristics, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, and proximity.
What brain structure is responsible for telling us whether or not something is a threat?
Amygdala – if it is activated, this increases aggression. However, the prefrontal cortex regulates this aggression.
What is the difference between dispositional attributions and situational attributions?
Dispositional: attributions that relate to the PERSON whose behavior is being considered
Situational: attributions that relate to features of the SURROUNDINGS
