Chapter 10 - Psychoanalytic Approaches, Contemporary Issues

Question 1

False memories p300

Answer 1

an apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur, especially one of childhood sexual abuse arising from suggestion during psychotherapy.

Question 2

Imagination Inflation Effect p301

Answer 2

When a memory is elaborated upon through imagination, leading person to confuse imagined event w/ events that actually happened.

Question 3

Spreading activation p302

Answer 3

this model of memory holds that mental elements (such as words and images) are stored in memory along with associations to other elements in memory.

Question 4

Constructive Memory p302

Answer 4

Memory contributes to or influences in various ways (adds to, subtracts from, and so on) what is recalled.

Question 5

Confirmatory bias 303

Answer 5

The tendency to look only for evidence that confirms their previous hunch and not for evidence that might disconfirm their belief.

Question 6

Cognitive unconscious 306

Answer 6

Those with the cognitive unconscious view readily acknowledge that information can get into our memories without our ever being aware of the information.

Question 7

Motivated unconscious 306

Answer 7

That something in the unconscious can motivate behavior.

Question 8

Subliminal perception 306

Answer 8

Those with the cognitive unconscious view readily acknowledge that information can get into our memories without our ever being aware of the information. For example, in the phenomenon of subliminal perception, some information, such as phrase “buy a Coke” is flashed on a screen so quickly you don’t recognize actual words. Subliminal information primes associated material in memory. Word “coke” would be faster judged than non-related words.

Question 9

Priming 306

Answer 9

Makes associated material more accessible to conscious awareness than material that is not primed

Question 10

Id psychology 307

Answer 10

We might characterize Freudian Psychoanalysis as id psychology. Later, psychoanalysts felt ego deserved more attention, because performed constructive functions. One student of Freud’s, Erik Erikson emphasized ego as powerful, independent part of personality.

Question 11

Ego psychology 307

Answer 11

Erikson noted ego involved in mastering environment, achieving one’s goals, and establishing one’s identity. He emphasized ego was powerful. Erikson’s approach to psychoanalysis is called ego psychology.

Question 12

Identity crisis 308

Answer 12

Refers to desperation and confusion person feels when they have not developed a strong sense of identity. Term comes from Erikson’s work.

Question 13

Erikson’s eight stages of development 309

Answer 13

Believing development of personality lasted well into adulthood and even old age, Erikson outlined eight stages of development.
1. Trust vs Mistrust 310
Happens in infancy.

2. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt 310
   Happens in Toddlerhood.
3. Initiative Versus Guilt 310
   Happens in Young adulthood
4. Industry Versus Inferiority 310
   Happens in Elementary School
5. Identity Versus Role Confusion 311
   Happens in Adolescence
6. Intimacy Versus Isolation 313
   Happens in Young Adult
7. Generativity Versus Stagnation 313
   Happens in Adulthood
8. Integrity Versus Despair 313
   Happens in Old Age

Question 14

Psychosocial conflicts 309

Answer 14

Crises learning to trust parents, be autonomous from them, learning how to act as adult. These were called psychosocial conflicts (as opposed to Freud’s psychosexual conflicts.)

Question 15

Stage model of development 309

Answer 15

Erikson’s stage model of development implied people go through stages in a certain order and that there is a specific issue that characterizes each stage.

Question 16

How Erikson disagreed with Freud 308-309

Answer 16

a. Time Span of Development: Freud thought personalities formed by age 5. Erikson thought development occurred throughout the lifespan. Freud thought 6 to puberty was latency and nothing much going on, but Erikson disagreed.
b. The Nature of Crises: Freud felt crises inherently sexual. Erikson believed crises were of a social nature. First social relationship is parents. Out springs psychosocial conflicts (as opposed to psychosexual conflicts that formed in Freud’s developmental stages)

Question 17

• How Erikson Agreed with Freud 309

Answer 17

a. Erikson kept a stage model of development, people go through stages
b. Erikson believed each stage represented a conflict, a developmental crisis
c. Erikson maintained notion of Fixation, meaning if crises not resolved, personality development could be damaged, and preoccupation by crisis would continue in development.

Question 18

Developmental crisis 310

Answer 18

A conflict or issue in a developmental stage that needs to be resolved.

Question 19

Identity confusion 311

Answer 19

Not having a sense of who one really is. A stage or period of identity confusion that occurs for most people.

Question 20

Rite of passage 311

Answer 20

Some cultures have rite of passage ritual, usually around adolescence. Ceremony initiates child into adulthood. Example is southwestern American Indian X fasting and vision. Secular America doesn’t have common rite passage rituals, but certain religions do. Confirmation in Roman Catholic, or Bar/Bat Mitzvah in Judaism.

Question 21

Negativity identity 311

Answer 21

Some ppl develop a negative identity in search for their identity, based on undesirable social roles, such as street gang member. Young adults are impressionable, this is why court separates adult and juvenile.

Question 22

Identity foreclosure 312

Answer 22

Not having crisis or Forming an identity without alternatives, such as adopting parent’s views without question. Often moralistic and conventional but when asked to back up positions, often cannot provide good rationale for their beliefs and opinions. Identity is something that must be achieved, if commit to identity not work 4 them or handed to them, likely to be shallow or changeable.

Question 23

Moratorium 312

Answer 23

Taking the time to explore options before making a commitment to an identity. Good option for college students.

Question 24

Social power 314

Answer 24

Horney argued that the penis was a symbol of social power rather than an organ women actually desired. Horney argued girls did not actually have a secret desire to become boys (Freud’s idea of penis envy), rather, girls realize at an early age they are denied social power because of their gender. Girls desired social power and preferences given to boys in the culture at that time.

Question 25

Culture 314

Answer 25

A set of shared standards for many behaviors. Ex: should person feel ashamed about promiscuous sexual behavior, determined by cultural norm.

Question 26

Fear of success 314

Answer 26

Horney highlighted fear of success in gender difference where women were more afraid to succeed because they might lose friends while opposite true for men.

Question 27

Masculine 315 Feminine 315

Answer 27

Refer to traits typically associated with being male or female in particular culture. These are gender differences, NOT sex differences.

Question 28

Self-serving bias 315

Answer 28

Common tendency for people to take credit for successes yet to deny responsibilities for failure.

Question 29

Narcissism 315

Answer 29

Style of inflated self-admiration and constant attempts to draw attention to the self and to keep other focused on oneself is called narcissism.

Question 30

Narcissistic paradox 316

Answer 30

Although a narcissist appears high in self-esteem, he or she actually has doubts about his or her worth as a person. They appear confident and sure of self, but needs constant praise, reassurance, and attention from others. In Contemporary psychoanalysis, narcissism is seen as disturbance in sense of self with many implications for creating problems with living and relating to others.

Question 31

Object relations theory 317

Answer 31

Emphasizes social relationships and their origins in childhood, NOT Freud’s emphasis on sexuality. Drops the term “analytic” (from Freud) altogether. All versions of object relations theory have a core set of basic assumptions.
1st assumption: internal wishes, desires and urges of child are not as important as their developing relationships with significant external others, particularly parents.
2nd assumption: others, especially mother, become internalized by child in form of mental objects. Child creates unconscious mental representation of the mother. Child thus has an unconscious “mother” within to which they can relate. Internalized object allows child relationship even in absence of real mother, hence object relations theory.

Question 32

Internalized 317

Answer 32

When a child internalizes others into mental objects.