Chapter 10 - Psychoanalytic Approaches, Contemporary Issues Flashcards
False memories p300
an apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur, especially one of childhood sexual abuse arising from suggestion during psychotherapy.
Imagination Inflation Effect p301
When a memory is elaborated upon through imagination, leading person to confuse imagined event w/ events that actually happened.
Spreading activation p302
this model of memory holds that mental elements (such as words and images) are stored in memory along with associations to other elements in memory.
Constructive Memory p302
Memory contributes to or influences in various ways (adds to, subtracts from, and so on) what is recalled.
Confirmatory bias 303
The tendency to look only for evidence that confirms their previous hunch and not for evidence that might disconfirm their belief.
Cognitive unconscious 306
Those with the cognitive unconscious view readily acknowledge that information can get into our memories without our ever being aware of the information.
Motivated unconscious 306
That something in the unconscious can motivate behavior.
Subliminal perception 306
Those with the cognitive unconscious view readily acknowledge that information can get into our memories without our ever being aware of the information. For example, in the phenomenon of subliminal perception, some information, such as phrase “buy a Coke” is flashed on a screen so quickly you don’t recognize actual words. Subliminal information primes associated material in memory. Word “coke” would be faster judged than non-related words.
Priming 306
Makes associated material more accessible to conscious awareness than material that is not primed
Id psychology 307
We might characterize Freudian Psychoanalysis as id psychology. Later, psychoanalysts felt ego deserved more attention, because performed constructive functions. One student of Freud’s, Erik Erikson emphasized ego as powerful, independent part of personality.
Ego psychology 307
Erikson noted ego involved in mastering environment, achieving one’s goals, and establishing one’s identity. He emphasized ego was powerful. Erikson’s approach to psychoanalysis is called ego psychology.
Identity crisis 308
Refers to desperation and confusion person feels when they have not developed a strong sense of identity. Term comes from Erikson’s work.
Erikson’s eight stages of development 309
Believing development of personality lasted well into adulthood and even old age, Erikson outlined eight stages of development.
1. Trust vs Mistrust 310
Happens in infancy.
- Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt 310
Happens in Toddlerhood. - Initiative Versus Guilt 310
Happens in Young adulthood - Industry Versus Inferiority 310
Happens in Elementary School - Identity Versus Role Confusion 311
Happens in Adolescence - Intimacy Versus Isolation 313
Happens in Young Adult - Generativity Versus Stagnation 313
Happens in Adulthood - Integrity Versus Despair 313
Happens in Old Age
Psychosocial conflicts 309
Crises learning to trust parents, be autonomous from them, learning how to act as adult. These were called psychosocial conflicts (as opposed to Freud’s psychosexual conflicts.)
Stage model of development 309
Erikson’s stage model of development implied people go through stages in a certain order and that there is a specific issue that characterizes each stage.
How Erikson disagreed with Freud 308-309
a. Time Span of Development: Freud thought personalities formed by age 5. Erikson thought development occurred throughout the lifespan. Freud thought 6 to puberty was latency and nothing much going on, but Erikson disagreed.
b. The Nature of Crises: Freud felt crises inherently sexual. Erikson believed crises were of a social nature. First social relationship is parents. Out springs psychosocial conflicts (as opposed to psychosexual conflicts that formed in Freud’s developmental stages)
- How Erikson Agreed with Freud 309
a. Erikson kept a stage model of development, people go through stages
b. Erikson believed each stage represented a conflict, a developmental crisis
c. Erikson maintained notion of Fixation, meaning if crises not resolved, personality development could be damaged, and preoccupation by crisis would continue in development.
Developmental crisis 310
A conflict or issue in a developmental stage that needs to be resolved.
Identity confusion 311
Not having a sense of who one really is. A stage or period of identity confusion that occurs for most people.
Rite of passage 311
Some cultures have rite of passage ritual, usually around adolescence. Ceremony initiates child into adulthood. Example is southwestern American Indian X fasting and vision. Secular America doesn’t have common rite passage rituals, but certain religions do. Confirmation in Roman Catholic, or Bar/Bat Mitzvah in Judaism.
Negativity identity 311
Some ppl develop a negative identity in search for their identity, based on undesirable social roles, such as street gang member. Young adults are impressionable, this is why court separates adult and juvenile.
Identity foreclosure 312
Not having crisis or Forming an identity without alternatives, such as adopting parent’s views without question. Often moralistic and conventional but when asked to back up positions, often cannot provide good rationale for their beliefs and opinions. Identity is something that must be achieved, if commit to identity not work 4 them or handed to them, likely to be shallow or changeable.
Moratorium 312
Taking the time to explore options before making a commitment to an identity. Good option for college students.
Social power 314
Horney argued that the penis was a symbol of social power rather than an organ women actually desired. Horney argued girls did not actually have a secret desire to become boys (Freud’s idea of penis envy), rather, girls realize at an early age they are denied social power because of their gender. Girls desired social power and preferences given to boys in the culture at that time.
