Chapter 10 - Psychoanalytic Approaches: contemporary issues Flashcards
What are the 4 main contemporary issues of psychoanalytic approaches?
- The Neo-Analytic Movement
- Ego Psychology
- Object Relations Theory
- Attachment Theory
What is the Neo-Analytic Movement?
-psychoanalysis is considered a theory containing ideas inspired by Freud, but modified and advanced by others
–less about id, superego, or repressed sexuality
–focus on childhood relationships and adult conflicts with others
What are the 5 postulates of contemporary psychoanalysis?
- unconscious plays a large role in life, but is not as ubiquitous as Freud believed
- behaviour reflects compromises in conflict between mental processes
- childhood plays an important role in personality development, particularly in shaping adult relationship styles
- mental representations of self and others guide interactions with others
- personality development involves not just regulating sexual and aggressive feelings, but also moving from an immature socially dependent way of relating to others to a mature independent relationship style
What is the timeline of Carl Jung?
-1900: read the Interpretation of Dreams
-1906: began correspondence with Freud
-1907: met Freud
-1909: lectures alongside Freud at Clark University
-1911: first president of the Psychoanalytic Association
What caused tension between Freud and Jung?
-The Psychology of the Unconscious (1912): critical of Freud; strain in relationship; by 1914, Jung resigned and withdrew from the Psychoanalytic Association
-1913-1916 went through emotional crisis: spark of creativity; allowed him to establish Analytic Psychology
What is Analytical Psychology?
-emphasizes the complex interplay between oppositional forces within the psyche and the way in which these internal conflicts affect personality development
What are the aspects/views of Analytical psychology?
-libido: generalized life energy of which sex was only a part
-no place for an Oedipus complex
-shaped by the past but also by our goals, hopes, and aspirations
-personality not fully determined by age 6
-sex plays a minimal role in motivation
What is the psyche?
-construct to represent all of the interacting systems within human personality that are needed to account for the mental life and behaviour of the person
What are the 2 levels of unconscious of the psyche (structural components)?
- Personal unconscious: material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed (complexes)
- Collective unconscious: deepest level of the psyche which contains inherited experiences of human and pre-human species (archetypes)
What is the 3rd structural component of the psyche?
-ego: one aspect of the psyche
-force in the personality responsible for feelings of identity and continuity
What are Archetypes?
-inherited tendencies within the collective unconscious that dispose a person to behave similarly to ancestors who confronted similar situations
How are Archetypes different from Instincts?
-instincts: unconscious physical impulse
-archetypes: psychic counterpart
What is Persona (psyche)?
-causes people to present only part of their personality to the public
-the mask we present and let others see
What is Self (psyche)?
-leads people to search for ways of maximizing the development of their multifaceted potentials
What is Shadow (psyche)?
-provides us with the tendency to be immoral and aggressive
What is Anima (psyche)?
-provides the female component of the male personality
What is Animus (psyche)?
-provides the masculine component of the female personality
What are the 3 aspects of operation of the psyche?
-principle of opposites
-principle of equivalence
-principle of entropy
What is the principle of opposites?
-the energy that propels personality and behaviour is derived from the interplay between opposite forces within the psyche
-ex: outer world - inner world; ego - shadow
What is the principle of equivalence?
-energy expended in one part of the psyche will be compensated for by an equal amount of energy in another part of the psyche
What is the principle of entropy?
-energy is automatically redistributed in the psyche in order to achieve equilibrium
What is the Theory of Psychological types?
-introversion and extroversion - opposing attitudes reflecting the direction of the life energy (libido)
What does the extravert side of Theory of Psychological types believe?
-libido direct outside the self
-strongly influenced by forces in the environment
-is sociable and self-confident
What does the introvert side of Theory of Psychological types believe?
-libido directed inward
-resistant to external influences
-introspective, less confident in relations with others and the external world, less sociable
What are Rational and Irrational functions?
-Rational functions: modes of making judgments or evaluations of events in the world (thinking and feeling)
-Irrational functions: modes of apprehending the world without evaluating it (sensation and intuition)
What are the Four Functions?
-sensing & intuiting
-thinking & feelings
What is Sensing (4 functions)?
-initial, concrete experiencing of phenomena without the use of reason
What is Intuiting (4 functions)?
-relying on hunches when dealing with strange situations that have no established facts
What is Thinking (4 functions)?
-helps us understand events through the use of reason and logic
What is Feeling (4 functions)?
-evaluation of events by judging whether they are good or bad, acceptable, or unacceptable
What are the 8 types of attitudes & functions?
-extraverted thinking type
-introverted thinking type
-extraverted feeling type
-introverted feeling type
-extraverted sensing type
-introverted sensing type
-extraverted intuitive type
-introverted intuitive type
What is Extraverted Thinking Type?
-characterized positively by ability to organize masses of facts into a coherent theory, and negatively by a selfish and exploitative attitude toward others
What is Introverted Thinking Type?
-characterized positively by imagination and ability to think originally and boldly, and negatively by social ineptness
What is Extraverted Feeling Type?
-characterized positively by an acceptance of the standards of society, and negatively by a change in emotions from situation to situation
What is Introverted Feeling Type?
-characterized positively by intense feelings of sympathy for others who have experienced misfortune, and negatively by shyness and inaccessibility
What is Extraverted Sensing Type?
-characterized positively by an appreciation for the arts, and negatively by crude pleasure seeking
What is Introverted Sensing Type?
-characterized positively by the intensity of subjective sensations, and negatively by oversensitivity and obtuseness
What is Extraverted Intuitive Type?
-characterized positively by a quick grasp of the creative possibilities in various ventures, and negatively by impatience and flightiness
What is Introverted Intuitive Type?
-characterized positively by the ability to envision the future, and negatively by an inability to communicate effectively with others
What are the emerging fields influencing social psyc theories?
-anthropology,
-sociology, and
-social psychology
What are the views of Social Psychological Theories?
-people are products of social forces / institutions
-Freud’s work in neuroses is not universal
-emphasis placed on environmental influences rather than biological factors
Where does human behaviour come from according to Social Psychological Theories?
-human behaviour stems from social conditioning rather than from actions taken to satisfy biological needs
Who are the theorists involved in social psychological theories?
-Alfred Adler
-Erik Erikson
-Karen Horney
How does Individual Psychology view human behaviour?
-understanding the behaviour of each person as a complex, organized entity operating within a society
What are the 3 aspects of the struggle for perfection?
-teleological position
-fictional finalism
-superiority
What is Teleological Position?
-belief that goals determine behaviour; behaviour is directed and shaped by a designing force (things have a purpose)
What is Fictional Finalism?
-(guiding self-ideal)
-imagined goal that guides a person’s behaviour
What is Superiority?
-striving to attain perfection (bettering ourselves)
What are Adler’s 4 major lifestyle types?
-ruling type
-getting type
-avoiding type
-socially useful type
What is Ruling Type (Adler)?
-person who strives for personal superiority by trying to exploit and control others
What is Getting Type (Adler)?
-person who attains personal goals by relying indiscriminately on others for help
What is Avoiding Type (Adler)?
-person who lacks the confidence to confront problems and avoids or ignores them
What is Socially Useful Type (Adler)?
-person who actively and courageously confronts and solves his or her problems in accordance with social interest
What is Social Interest?
-innate potential to cooperate with other people to achieve personal and societal goals
-develop through learning experiences in infancy
What are the 4 aspects of feelings of inferiority?
-organ inferiority
-inferiority complex
-masculine protest
-overcompensation
What is Organ Inferiority?
-biologically based “defect” that gives rise to feelings of inadequacy
What is Inferiority Complex?
-a condition that develops when a person is unable to compensate for normal feelings of inferiority
What is Masculine Protest?
-attempts by an individual, male or female, to compensate for feelings of inferiority by acting as though superior to others
What is Overcompensation?
-exaggerated attempts by individuals to overcome their feelings of inferiority by acting as though they are personally superior to others
What is Style of Life and Creative Self?
-Style of life: individual’s distinctive personality pattern, which is basically shaped by the end of early childhood
-Creative self: people can actively create their own destinies and personalities
What are the 3 developmental problems of life?
-society or communal life: we must learn to affirm our fundamental connections to others
-work: people need to learn how to do things, to take responsibility for their actions, and to contribute to society through work
-love: people must treat their loved ones with respect and dignity
How do Mothers influence us in early childhood?
-loves her children: teach them the skills necessary to secure their welfare
-dissatisfied with her role: preoccupied with trying to prove her own personal superiority by showing off children
How do Fathers influence us in early childhood?
-must prove that he is a worthwhile human being by contributing to the welfare of his spouse, his children, and his society
What is Birth Order?
-relation between birth order and personality because of how one is treated in relation to others in the family
What are the personalities of children based on their birth order?
-First-borns: understand the importance of power, dominance, and intellectual achievement
-Second-borns: likely to be rebellious and highly competitive
-Youngest borns: family members tend to spoil them
-Only borns: likely to lack social competence
Who is Karen Horney?
-early feminist, stressed importance of culture (modern culture is based on competition between individuals)
–feeling of being alone in the world
–intense need for affection
What is the feminist interpretation of psychoanalysis?
-believed psychoanalytic views of women were skewed (penis/womb envy)
-difference between males and females are a result of society
-basic anxiety at the core of male/female conflict
What is Fear of success (feminist psychoanalysis)?
-accounts for gender difference in response to competition and achievement situations
What is Ego Psychology?
-shift focus from id to ego
-an ego that is not allowed to develop is fractured
-ego involved in:
–mastering the environment, achieving goals, establishing secure identity (sense of self)
What was Erik Erikson’s input on Ego Psychology?
-emphasized ego as a powerful and independent part of personality
-difficulty establishing an identity produces identity crisis
-Erikson argued that personality development occurs throughout life
-challenges at each stage were social rather than sexual according to Erikson
What are Erikson’s 8 stages of development?
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority
- Identity vs Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Integrity vs Despair
What is Trust vs Mistrust (stage 1)?
-infant must develop trust in the environment, in their caregivers
What is Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (stage 2)?
-autonomy: desire to do things for the self
-feelings of shame and doubt: can’t trust environment, over-dependence on others, low self-esteem, lack self-efficacy
What is Initiative vs Guilt (stage 3)?
-initiative: ambition and goal seeking
-guilt: due to excessive criticism
What is Industry vs Inferiority (stage 4)?
-industry: feeling as if they can work to achieve what they want to develop competence and achievement
-inferiority: experience little success or support
What is Identity vs Role Confusion (stage 5)?
-identity: deciding who to be in transition to adulthood
-role confusion: lack of sense of a future adult path
-Marcia’s steps to identity: identity diffusion; identity foreclosure; moratorium; identity achievement
What is Intimacy vs Isolation (stage 6)?
-intimacy: need to develop relationships that are mutually satisfying and intimate
-isolation: lack of close friends, separation from family, and loneliness
What is Generativity vs Stagnation (stage 7)?
-generativity: positive impact, contributing to the world
-stagnation: feeling stuck and unproductive, lacking a sense of purpose
What is Integrity vs Despair (stage 8)?
-integrity: looking back at a life well lived
-despair: regretting choices
Is there an emphasis on self in ego psychology?
-ego psychology emphasizes the role of identity, which is experienced by a person as a sense of self
-notion of narcissism
What are Narcissism?
-Narcissism: inflated self-admiration and constant attempts to draw attention to self and keep others focused on self
-Narcissistic paradox: although the narcissist appears high in self-esteem, he or she has doubts about his or her worth as a person
What is Object Relations Theory?
-emphasizes social relationships and their origins in childhood
What are the assumptions of object relations theory?
-internal wishes, desires, urges of child not as important as developing relationships with significant others, especially parents
-others, particularly the mother, become internalized by the child in the form of mental objects
-first social attachments that infant develops from prototypes for all future meaningful relationships
What are the aspects of early childhood attachment?
-research by Harlow on infant monkeys
-Bowlby: separation anxiety - proximity-seeking behaviour is a survival response
–internal workings models: positive & loved –> secure; unloved and rejected –> avoidant; angry and confused –> resistant
What are the attachment patterns in infants?
-Ainsworth’s Strange situation procedure for studying attachment
-3 attachment patterns in infants:
1. secure
2. avoidant
3. ambivalent
-also: disorganized & reactive styles (not as common and often due to trauma)
What are the attachment styles in Adult Relationships?
-investigation of whether the attachment style developed in childhood is related to adult romantic relationship style
-Hazan and Shaver
-3 relationship styles:
1. Secure
2. Avoidant
3. Ambivalent
What are the aspects of Secure Attachment?
-definition: capable of genuine intimacy in relationships
-signs: empathetic, sensitive, able to reach out emotionally
-balances own needs with those of partner. Has affection, caring interactions. Probably in a loving, long-term relationship.
What are the aspects of Avoidant/dismissive insecure attachment?
-definition: unable to get close in relationships.
-signs: uncaring, aloof, emotionally distant. Unresponsive to loving feelings. Abruptly disengages at signs of involvement. Unlikely to be in a long-term relationship.
What are the aspects of Preoccupied/ambivalent insecure attachment?
-definition: needy and engulfing in relationships
-signs: excessively jealous, suffocating. Needs continual reassurance of being totally loved. Unlikely to be in a loving, long-term relationship
