Chapter 10: Plant Metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
all biochemical processes in an organism requiring energy
A
metabolism
2
Q
what regulates most metabolic activities?
A
enzymes
3
Q
has to do with storing energy in photosynthetic reactions is
A
anabolism
4
Q
has to do with consuming stored energy in respiration reactions
A
catabolism
5
Q
what happens to electrons in oxidation?
A
loss
6
Q
what happens to electrons in reduction?
A
gained
7
Q
plants make this by using light as an energy source and this is the energy used for most cellular activity
A
ATP
8
Q
where does photosynthesis take place?
A
chloroplast
9
Q
what was the main idea of the “energy-balance sheet”
A
most available energy is never utilized by living things
10
Q
what does PAR stand for?
A
photosynthetic active radiation
11
Q
another name for PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) is
A
incident light
12
Q
Only __% is ABSORBED, __% will be reflected, and __% will be transmitted
A
75, 10, 15
13
Q
after the plant absorbs the incident light only 3% is turned into…
A
biomass
14
Q
In a soil food web what is the ultimate source of energy?
A
sun
15
Q
if the wavelength is short then energy level is
A
higher
16
Q
when plants are fluorescing they are
A
losing electrons
17
Q
why does the chlorophyll solution fluoresce a reddish glow
A
it is a result of dissociating the electrons
18
Q
plants are green because of the
A
reflection of chlorophyll a and b
19
Q
chlorophyll a is associated with
A
700nm photosystem 1
20
Q
chlorophyll b is associated with
A
680nm photosystem 2
21
Q
light dependent reactions are dependent of
A
chlorophyll A
22
Q
chlorophyll is the _______ pigment
A
primary
23
Q
Carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, phycoerythrin, and phycocyanin are all
A
pigments
24
Q
the images in the slide of pigment wavelength and image of chromatography is proof that each pigment has its own
A
distinctive pattern
25
Sunlight and temperature can have vast effects on photosynthesis. Which plant is best at photosynthesis in sunlight intensifies?
C4 plant
26
What happens to photosynthesis in a C4 plant/C3 plant when there is an increase in temperature?
C4 plant growth is linear
C3 plant growth gradually declines
27
When temperature increases the C3 plant growth gradually declines and crosses with the C4 plant. This drop and intersecting is due to
photorespiration kicking in
28
chlorophyll a is
blue-green
29
chlorophyll b is
yellow-green
30
primary pigment? accessory pigment?
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
31
what does chlorophyll a not do?
split water
32
what nutrient does a plants need to produce chlorophyll?
(1)
nitrogen
33
what attaches to the thylakoid membrane (porphyrin ring)?
hydrophobic tail
34
why are carotenoids so important?
antioxidants
35
prevent photo-oxidative damage to chlorophyll...
antioxidants
36
what are three things carotenoids do?
protect photosynthesis
dissipate heat
transfer energy
37
carotenes, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins are all
carotenoids
38
how do carotenoids help human health?
rebuild retina, improve vision, immune system, and aid with development
39
sweet potato, kale, carrots, turnip greens, mustard greens, spinach, dried herbs, butternut squash, lettuce, and collars all have high levels of
beta-carotene
40
the ______ ______ project focused on genetically modified and rich in vitamin A/carotene which is known as
golden rice
41
what are the three things pigment molecules do with light energy?
fluorescence, resonance energy transfer, transfer electrons
42
isolated chlorophyll molecules are also known as
fluorescence
43
transferring energy but not electrons to adjacent chlorophyll molecules is known as
resonance energy transfer
44
where are electrons transferred to
electron acceptor
45
photosynthesis is also known as a
redox reaction (reduction and oxidation)
46
__ CO2 and ___H20 make what product?
C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 6O2
47
what enters through the stomatal crypt > mesophyll cell > leaf vein. What comes out?
CO2
O2
48
each thylakoid makes up a stack known as a
grana
49
where do light-dependent reactions take place?
thylakoid membrane
50
the significance of the 2 sets of membranes in chloroplast is a product of
endosymbiosis
51
free-living planktonic bacteria was taken up by another bacteria through
phagocytosis
52
what is the input of the Calvin cycle and what is the output?
CO2
PGAL
53
which photosystem is present in the thylakoid space?
Photosystem II/p680
54
what are the two sets of photosynthetic reactions?
light-dependent
C3/Calvin Cycle
55
what does the light-dependent photosynthetic reaction produce?
ATP and NADPH
56
An example of a high energy electron carrier is...?
NADPH
57
where does the light-dependent photosynthetic reaction occur?
thylakoid membranes and thylakoid space
58
what does the C3/Calvin cycle produce?
sugar
59
C3/Calvin cycle occurs in the
stroma
60
if CO2 levels go down and O2 levels go up what will occur?
photorespiration
61
light dependent photosynthetic reactions can also be referred to as
energy transduction reaction
62
calvin cycle/C3 cycle can also be reffered to as
carbon-fixation reaction
63
carbon-fixation reaction is just turning ___ into ______
CO2, sugar
64
pigment complexes are just
photosystems
65
photosystem I can be used both in cyclic and noncyclic electron flow
true
66
photosystem I is associated with chlorophyll a and
P700
67
photosystem II is associated with chlorophyll b an
p680
68
cyclic and noncyclic flow use electron energy to power...?
chemiosmosis
69
when PSI AND PSII are together they form
NADPH
70
when PSI is alone and PSII is alone they form
ATP
71
PSII is only used in ___________ electron flow
noncyclic
72
where is photosystem 1 located?
outer surface of grana thylakoid membrane
73
when is photosystem 2 located?
inner surface of grana thylakoid membrane
74
photosystem 1 absorbs pigments of light ______ than 680
greater
75
photosystem 2 absorbs pigments of light less than...
680
76
photosystem 1 is not associated with (another word for splitting of water)
photolysis
77
which photosystem does not participate in cyclic photophosphorylation
photosystem 2
78
what are photosystem 1's main functions
cyclic photophosporylation
non-cyclic photophosphorylation
79
in photosystem 1 what is the product of cyclic/non cyclic photophosphorylation?
ATP (cyclic)
NADPH (non-cyclic)
80
what are the 2 main functions of photosystem 2?
ATP Synthesis
hydrolysis of water
81
where does ATP and chemiosmoiss take place?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
82
what is established when protons (H+) are being pumped from one side of a membrane
electrochemical gradient
83
what acts as a channel for H+ movement?
ATP synthase complexes
84
where does chemiosmosis take place?
cristae or thylakoid membranes
85
What are common high energy electrons?
NADH and FADH2
86
where do redox reactions of electrons take place?
electron transport chain
87
uses energy provided by redox reactions to set up a H+ gradient and "pump"
proton pumps
88
in the chemiosmosis image what does the phospholipid bilayer make up?
thylakoid membrane
89
chemiosmosis is an example of what type of transport?
active
90
what is used to reduce CO2 to PGAL
NADPH and ATP
91
PGAL is a _ C compound
3
92
where does C3/Calvin Cycle take place?
Stroma
93
what is a very important enzyme of the Calvin cycle?
rubisco
94
What is the first substrate that rubsico (enzyme) attaches to
RuBP (ribulose diphosphate)
95
what are two enzymes we talked about in the calvin cycle
carboxylase and oxygenase
96
which enzyme, carboxylase and oxygenate, is considered good/bad?
carboxylase good
oxygenase bad
97
if CO2 levels go ____ and O2 levels go ___ the enzyme will pick up oxygen
down; up
98
what is the order for the following metabolites of the calvin cycle?
PGA, RuBP, PGAL, PGAP
RuBP, PGA, PGAP, and PGAL
99
all of the molecules plants need come from...?
PGAL
100
The C2 cycle is also known as
photorespiration
101
In what plants does photorespiration (C2 cycle) occur the most?
C3 plants
102
Respiration (C2 cycle) occurs when there is bright light, high temperatures, high oxygen/low Co2 which is also not ______ conditions
ideal
103
oxygen and carbon dioxide compete for RuBP. Different inputs will lead to different outputs.
If CO2 is present it will lead to what stable carbon compound?
3-phosphoglycerate
104
oxygen and carbon dioxide compete for RuBP. Different inputs will lead to different outputs.
If O2 is present it will lead to what compound?
2-phosphoglycolate
105
if 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA/G3P) is in the equation then what is occuring?
photosynthesis
106
if 2-phosphoglycolate (2-PG) is in the equation then what is occuring?
photorespiration
107
When photorespiration is occurring what are three main places to know?
chloroplast, mitochondrion, peroxisome
108
the leaf ring structure of a C4 is called
kranz anatomy
109
what is unique about C3 plants stomata?
thick upper epidermis
110
what is the order of photosynthetic routes in C3 and C4 plants going from outside to in?
mesophyll cells, bundle sheath cells, veins
111
what is found in mesophyll cells/diffuses in (4 carbon compound)?
malate
112
these types of cells are found in C4 plants and when plants dry out the H20 will leave the plant and cause the leaf to curl up
bulliform cells
113
what is an evolutionary pathway?
convergence
114
C4 plants have fewer and smaller....?
stomata
115
C4 plants also have far less
rubisco
116
name for leftover ancient squid?
belemnites
117
by looking at fossilized ________ of plants you can determine if it is a C3 or C4 plant
cuticles
118
what can do w/ understanding C12 and/or C12 ratios?
Paleo environment assessments or paleodiets
119
what can you do with belemnites?
carbon tracker
standard isotopic spectrometry
120
CAM plants normally have thick
cuticles
121
is its cactus like, fleshy, and or xeromorphic its most likely a
CAM plant
122
CAM plants have no _____ ______
kranz anatomy
123
something unique about CAM plants is that their _______ is only open at night
stomata
124
what does CAM stand for?
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
