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Botany > Chapter 10: Plant Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Plant Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

all biochemical processes in an organism requiring energy

A

metabolism

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2
Q

what regulates most metabolic activities?

A

enzymes

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3
Q

has to do with storing energy in photosynthetic reactions is

A

anabolism

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4
Q

has to do with consuming stored energy in respiration reactions

A

catabolism

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5
Q

what happens to electrons in oxidation?

A

loss

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6
Q

what happens to electrons in reduction?

A

gained

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7
Q

plants make this by using light as an energy source and this is the energy used for most cellular activity

A

ATP

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8
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplast

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9
Q

what was the main idea of the “energy-balance sheet”

A

most available energy is never utilized by living things

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10
Q

what does PAR stand for?

A

photosynthetic active radiation

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11
Q

another name for PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) is

A

incident light

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12
Q

Only __% is ABSORBED, __% will be reflected, and __% will be transmitted

A

75, 10, 15

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13
Q

after the plant absorbs the incident light only 3% is turned into…

A

biomass

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14
Q

In a soil food web what is the ultimate source of energy?

A

sun

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15
Q

if the wavelength is short then energy level is

A

higher

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16
Q

when plants are fluorescing they are

A

losing electrons

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17
Q

why does the chlorophyll solution fluoresce a reddish glow

A

it is a result of dissociating the electrons

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18
Q

plants are green because of the

A

reflection of chlorophyll a and b

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19
Q

chlorophyll a is associated with

A

700nm photosystem 1

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20
Q

chlorophyll b is associated with

A

680nm photosystem 2

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21
Q

light dependent reactions are dependent of

A

chlorophyll A

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22
Q

chlorophyll is the _______ pigment

A

primary

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23
Q

Carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, phycoerythrin, and phycocyanin are all

A

pigments

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24
Q

the images in the slide of pigment wavelength and image of chromatography is proof that each pigment has its own

A

distinctive pattern

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25
Q

Sunlight and temperature can have vast effects on photosynthesis. Which plant is best at photosynthesis in sunlight intensifies?

A

C4 plant

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26
Q

What happens to photosynthesis in a C4 plant/C3 plant when there is an increase in temperature?

A

C4 plant growth is linear
C3 plant growth gradually declines

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27
Q

When temperature increases the C3 plant growth gradually declines and crosses with the C4 plant. This drop and intersecting is due to

A

photorespiration kicking in

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28
Q

chlorophyll a is

A

blue-green

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29
Q

chlorophyll b is

A

yellow-green

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30
Q

primary pigment? accessory pigment?

A

chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b

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31
Q

what does chlorophyll a not do?

A

split water

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32
Q

what nutrient does a plants need to produce chlorophyll?
(1)

A

nitrogen

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33
Q

what attaches to the thylakoid membrane (porphyrin ring)?

A

hydrophobic tail

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34
Q

why are carotenoids so important?

A

antioxidants

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35
Q

prevent photo-oxidative damage to chlorophyll…

A

antioxidants

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36
Q

what are three things carotenoids do?

A

protect photosynthesis
dissipate heat
transfer energy

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37
Q

carotenes, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins are all

A

carotenoids

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38
Q

how do carotenoids help human health?

A

rebuild retina, improve vision, immune system, and aid with development

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39
Q

sweet potato, kale, carrots, turnip greens, mustard greens, spinach, dried herbs, butternut squash, lettuce, and collars all have high levels of

A

beta-carotene

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40
Q

the ______ ______ project focused on genetically modified and rich in vitamin A/carotene which is known as

A

golden rice

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41
Q

what are the three things pigment molecules do with light energy?

A

fluorescence, resonance energy transfer, transfer electrons

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42
Q

isolated chlorophyll molecules are also known as

A

fluorescence

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43
Q

transferring energy but not electrons to adjacent chlorophyll molecules is known as

A

resonance energy transfer

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44
Q

where are electrons transferred to

A

electron acceptor

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45
Q

photosynthesis is also known as a

A

redox reaction (reduction and oxidation)

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46
Q

__ CO2 and ___H20 make what product?

A

C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 6O2

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47
Q

what enters through the stomatal crypt > mesophyll cell > leaf vein. What comes out?

A

CO2
O2

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48
Q

each thylakoid makes up a stack known as a

A

grana

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49
Q

where do light-dependent reactions take place?

A

thylakoid membrane

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50
Q

the significance of the 2 sets of membranes in chloroplast is a product of

A

endosymbiosis

51
Q

free-living planktonic bacteria was taken up by another bacteria through

A

phagocytosis

52
Q

what is the input of the Calvin cycle and what is the output?

A

CO2
PGAL

53
Q

which photosystem is present in the thylakoid space?

A

Photosystem II/p680

54
Q

what are the two sets of photosynthetic reactions?

A

light-dependent
C3/Calvin Cycle

55
Q

what does the light-dependent photosynthetic reaction produce?

A

ATP and NADPH

56
Q

An example of a high energy electron carrier is…?

A

NADPH

57
Q

where does the light-dependent photosynthetic reaction occur?

A

thylakoid membranes and thylakoid space

58
Q

what does the C3/Calvin cycle produce?

A

sugar

59
Q

C3/Calvin cycle occurs in the

A

stroma

60
Q

if CO2 levels go down and O2 levels go up what will occur?

A

photorespiration

61
Q

light dependent photosynthetic reactions can also be referred to as

A

energy transduction reaction

62
Q

calvin cycle/C3 cycle can also be reffered to as

A

carbon-fixation reaction

63
Q

carbon-fixation reaction is just turning ___ into ______

A

CO2, sugar

64
Q

pigment complexes are just

A

photosystems

65
Q

photosystem I can be used both in cyclic and noncyclic electron flow

A

true

66
Q

photosystem I is associated with chlorophyll a and

A

P700

67
Q

photosystem II is associated with chlorophyll b an

A

p680

68
Q

cyclic and noncyclic flow use electron energy to power…?

A

chemiosmosis

69
Q

when PSI AND PSII are together they form

A

NADPH

70
Q

when PSI is alone and PSII is alone they form

A

ATP

71
Q

PSII is only used in ___________ electron flow

A

noncyclic

72
Q

where is photosystem 1 located?

A

outer surface of grana thylakoid membrane

73
Q

when is photosystem 2 located?

A

inner surface of grana thylakoid membrane

74
Q

photosystem 1 absorbs pigments of light ______ than 680

A

greater

75
Q

photosystem 2 absorbs pigments of light less than…

A

680

76
Q

photosystem 1 is not associated with (another word for splitting of water)

A

photolysis

77
Q

which photosystem does not participate in cyclic photophosphorylation

A

photosystem 2

78
Q

what are photosystem 1’s main functions

A

cyclic photophosporylation
non-cyclic photophosphorylation

79
Q

in photosystem 1 what is the product of cyclic/non cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

ATP (cyclic)
NADPH (non-cyclic)

80
Q

what are the 2 main functions of photosystem 2?

A

ATP Synthesis
hydrolysis of water

81
Q

where does ATP and chemiosmoiss take place?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

82
Q

what is established when protons (H+) are being pumped from one side of a membrane

A

electrochemical gradient

83
Q

what acts as a channel for H+ movement?

A

ATP synthase complexes

84
Q

where does chemiosmosis take place?

A

cristae or thylakoid membranes

85
Q

What are common high energy electrons?

A

NADH and FADH2

86
Q

where do redox reactions of electrons take place?

A

electron transport chain

87
Q

uses energy provided by redox reactions to set up a H+ gradient and “pump”

A

proton pumps

88
Q

in the chemiosmosis image what does the phospholipid bilayer make up?

A

thylakoid membrane

89
Q

chemiosmosis is an example of what type of transport?

A

active

90
Q

what is used to reduce CO2 to PGAL

A

NADPH and ATP

91
Q

PGAL is a _ C compound

A

3

92
Q

where does C3/Calvin Cycle take place?

A

Stroma

93
Q

what is a very important enzyme of the Calvin cycle?

A

rubisco

94
Q

What is the first substrate that rubsico (enzyme) attaches to

A

RuBP (ribulose diphosphate)

95
Q

what are two enzymes we talked about in the calvin cycle

A

carboxylase and oxygenase

96
Q

which enzyme, carboxylase and oxygenate, is considered good/bad?

A

carboxylase good
oxygenase bad

97
Q

if CO2 levels go ____ and O2 levels go ___ the enzyme will pick up oxygen

A

down; up

98
Q

what is the order for the following metabolites of the calvin cycle?
PGA, RuBP, PGAL, PGAP

A

RuBP, PGA, PGAP, and PGAL

99
Q

all of the molecules plants need come from…?

A

PGAL

100
Q

The C2 cycle is also known as

A

photorespiration

101
Q

In what plants does photorespiration (C2 cycle) occur the most?

A

C3 plants

102
Q

Respiration (C2 cycle) occurs when there is bright light, high temperatures, high oxygen/low Co2 which is also not ______ conditions

A

ideal

103
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide compete for RuBP. Different inputs will lead to different outputs.
If CO2 is present it will lead to what stable carbon compound?

A

3-phosphoglycerate

104
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide compete for RuBP. Different inputs will lead to different outputs.
If O2 is present it will lead to what compound?

A

2-phosphoglycolate

105
Q

if 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA/G3P) is in the equation then what is occuring?

A

photosynthesis

106
Q

if 2-phosphoglycolate (2-PG) is in the equation then what is occuring?

A

photorespiration

107
Q

When photorespiration is occurring what are three main places to know?

A

chloroplast, mitochondrion, peroxisome

108
Q

the leaf ring structure of a C4 is called

A

kranz anatomy

109
Q

what is unique about C3 plants stomata?

A

thick upper epidermis

110
Q

what is the order of photosynthetic routes in C3 and C4 plants going from outside to in?

A

mesophyll cells, bundle sheath cells, veins

111
Q

what is found in mesophyll cells/diffuses in (4 carbon compound)?

A

malate

112
Q

these types of cells are found in C4 plants and when plants dry out the H20 will leave the plant and cause the leaf to curl up

A

bulliform cells

113
Q

what is an evolutionary pathway?

A

convergence

114
Q

C4 plants have fewer and smaller….?

A

stomata

115
Q

C4 plants also have far less

A

rubisco

116
Q

name for leftover ancient squid?

A

belemnites

117
Q

by looking at fossilized ________ of plants you can determine if it is a C3 or C4 plant

A

cuticles

118
Q

what can do w/ understanding C12 and/or C12 ratios?

A

Paleo environment assessments or paleodiets

119
Q

what can you do with belemnites?

A

carbon tracker
standard isotopic spectrometry

120
Q

CAM plants normally have thick

A

cuticles

121
Q

is its cactus like, fleshy, and or xeromorphic its most likely a

A

CAM plant

122
Q

CAM plants have no _____ ______

A

kranz anatomy

123
Q

something unique about CAM plants is that their _______ is only open at night

A

stomata

124
Q

what does CAM stand for?

A

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

Botany (2 decks)

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