Chapter 10 - PACS Flashcards by Rachel Brenner

A place where records or documents are preserved

Archive

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Archive storage capacity is said to _________ every 18-24 months

Double

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Two major categories of archiving components

Image manager and controller
Image storage and server

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Contains the master database of everything that is archived

Image manager

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What does the image manager control?

Receipt, retreival, and distribution of images

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Image manager also controls all ________ processes running within the archive

DICOM

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Image manager runs a commercial database such as:

Sybase or Oracle

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The image manager database contains only what type of information?

Header information, not image data

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Where is image data stored?

Archive server

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That archive server would be useless without:

The complete database

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What is the PACS component that interfacecs with the RIS and HIS

Image manager

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Image manager contains the DICOM header information:

Patient name
Identification
Exam Date
Ordering Physician
Location

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___________ are organized within the image manager database to retreive a query

Fields

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Image manager summary:
1. The order is placed in the _______
2. The images are aquired and sent to the _______
3. The image manager strips the header from each image and assigns a ________ to each image
4. The _______ files the information in various fields and communicates back to the RIS
5. A study is queried and pointers locate the images on the __________ and send images to the ______

RIS
Archive
Pointer
Database
Archive server; workstation

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Consists of the physical storage dervice of the archive system

Image storage or archive server

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What are the three tiers of storage:

Short term
Mid term
Long term

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Most PACS systems are set up with what type of tier storage?

Short and long term

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What is the difference between short term storage and long term storage?

Short term - online; availabe quickly

Long term - images must be retreived from tape or disk storage and brought to RAIDS; can take 1 to 5 minutes

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A ______-term tier is commonly a RAID

Short

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What does RAID stand for

Redundant array of independent disks

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Who coined the term RAID and when?

Patterson, Gibson, and Katz in 1988

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How many levels of RAID were originally introduced?

What RAID level is data striped across all of the connected disks

RAID 0

What is the term to describe data that is broken up into pieces

Striping

What RAID level is where all the data sent to RAID are mirrored on to two disks

RAID 1

In mirroring, all data are duplicated and placed onto ____ separate disks

Two

What RAID level is data stiped across all of the disks and one disk is set aside for error correction (parity disk)

RAID 3

What RAID level is data striped across all of the disks, including the parity disk

RAID 5

What is the most common level of RAID

RAID 5

Many hospital use RAID for their _____-term archive

Long

Long-term storage products still used are:

Optical disks Tape Magnetic disk

Optical disk and magnetic tape use a _________ to hold the disks or tapes

Jukebox

Magnetic disks use a _____ to hold the disks

Array

How are MODs read?

Laser

DVDs are the _____ expensive method for long-term archiving per gigabyte

Least

__________ disks are a new generation of MOD

Ultra density optical (UDO)

UDO disks use a ______ laser technology

Blue

Tape libraries provide the greatest scalability of the ________-term archive options

Long

Disadvantages of tape libraries

Less reliability over multiple uses Can wear over time Longer access time

Developed by HP, IBM, and Quantum

Linear tape open (LTO)

What kind of technology does LTO use

Open format

What is open format technology?

Users have mutliple sources of product and media that enable interchange of products from various venders

Invented in 1984 by Digital Equipment Corporation

Digital linear tape (DLT)

Developed by Sony; first introducted in 1996

Advanced intelligent tape (AIT)

What magnetic tape has the highest capacity?

AIT - 500GB

RAID arrays may be configured into three different fashions:

1. Direct attached storage 2. Network attached storage 3. Storage area network

Coupled to the system just like a short-term RAID

Direct attached storage

Stand-alone RAID arrays attached directly to the network

Network attached storage

High-speed, special-purpose network that links different kinds of data storage devices with associated data servers such as disk array controllers and tape libraries

Storage Area Network

PACS archives are chosen for many reasons, including:

System need System cost System compatibility

A company that provides outsourcing of archiving and management functions for a pay-per-use or pay-per-month charge

Application Service Provider (ASP)

A common use for ASP is a __________ recovery mechanism

Disaster

___________ ________ involves making copies of each tape or disk and storing them in another location

Disaster recovery

Backups are completed each day on the:

Image manager database

Three components that are common in PACS are:

Film digitizers Imagers CD burners

Another way to take a projection radiograph to a digital format other than PSP or FPD

Film digitizer

How do film digtizers work?

Scans the analog film and produces numeric signals for each part of the scanned film The numbers are fed into a software application that displays the image

Two major types of digitizers

1. Laser technology 2. CCD technology

The digitizer uses a ______ _______laser beam to convert the analog film into digital

Helium neon

These digitizers are considered the gold standard

Laser firm

Laser film digitizers can scan resolutions up to __k and __ bit

5K 12 bit

The CCD film digitizer uses _______ ______ that shine through the film

Fluorescent bulbs

Films are transferred from offsite clinics to the main department for primary reading

Teleradiology

Computer-aided diagnosis is being used in:

Mammo and chest imaging

Two major types of imagers

Wet (chemical) laser imagers Dry laser imagers

Uses chemicals to process film that has been exposed to laser

Wet imager

The laser used for wet imagers emits a ____ light

Red

Use heat to process a latent image etched into the silver emulsion by the laser

Dry imagers

What type of silver does dry imagers have

Silver benenate

In dry imagers, silver salts are exposed to heat and turn to:

Metallic silver

Common uses of imagers

Backup Difficult PACS locations Outside physician offices Legal cases Teaching purposes

How is information burned onto a disk

Starts from the center spiraling out to the edge of the disk

The burned disk is a series of:

Pits and lands

When a disk is burned with the patient's images, a ___________ viewer is also burned onto the disk

DICOM