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Physics - Common Equipment > Chapter 10 - PACS > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - PACS Flashcards

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1
Q

A place where records or documents are preserved

A

Archive

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2
Q

Archive storage area is often found on:

A

Magnetic tape or optical disk

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3
Q

PACS archive controls:

A

Receipt, storage and distribution of new and history images

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4
Q

What is the fastest growing component in the PACS?

A

Archive

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5
Q

Archive storage capacity is said to _________ every 18-24 months

A

Double

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6
Q

Two major categories of archiving components

A
  1. Image manager and controller
  2. Image storage and server
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7
Q

Contains the master database of everything that is archived

A

Image manager

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8
Q

What does the image manager control?

A

Receipt, retreival, and distribution of images

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9
Q

Image manager also controls all ________ processes running within the archive

A

DICOM

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10
Q

Image manager runs a commercial database such as:

A

Sybase or Oracle

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11
Q

The image manager database contains only what type of information?

A

Header information, not image data

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12
Q

Where is image data stored?

A

Archive server

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13
Q

That archive server would be useless without:

A

The complete database

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14
Q

What is the PACS component that interfacecs with the RIS and HIS

A

Image manager

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15
Q

Image manager contains the DICOM header information:

A

Patient name
Identification
Exam Date
Ordering Physician
Location

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16
Q

___________ are organized within the image manager database to retreive a query

A

Fields

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17
Q

Image manager summary:
1. The order is placed in the _______
2. The images are aquired and sent to the _______
3. The image manager strips the header from each image and assigns a ________ to each image
4. The _______ files the information in various fields and communicates back to the RIS
5. A study is queried and pointers locate the images on the __________ and send images to the ______

A
  1. RIS
  2. Archive
  3. Pointer
  4. Database
  5. Archive server; workstation
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18
Q

Consists of the physical storage dervice of the archive system

A

Image storage or archive server

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19
Q

What are the three tiers of storage:

A

Short term
Mid term
Long term

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20
Q

Most PACS systems are set up with what type of tier storage?

A

Short and long term

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21
Q

What is the difference between short term storage and long term storage?

A

Short term - online; availabe quickly

Long term - images must be retreived from tape or disk storage and brought to RAIDS; can take 1 to 5 minutes

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22
Q

A ______-term tier is commonly a RAID

A

Short

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23
Q

What does RAID stand for

A

Redundant array of independent disks

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24
Q

Who coined the term RAID and when?

A

Patterson, Gibson, and Katz in 1988

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25
Q

How many levels of RAID were originally introduced?

A

5

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26
Q

What RAID level is data striped across all of the connected disks

A

RAID 0

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27
Q

What is the term to describe data that is broken up into pieces

A

Striping

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28
Q

What RAID level is where all the data sent to RAID are mirrored on to two disks

A

RAID 1

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29
Q

In mirroring, all data are duplicated and placed onto ____ separate disks

A

Two

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30
Q

What RAID level is data stiped across all of the disks and one disk is set aside for error correction (parity disk)

A

RAID 3

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31
Q

What RAID level is data striped across all of the disks, including the parity disk

A

RAID 5

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32
Q

What is the most common level of RAID

A

RAID 5

33
Q

Many hospital use RAID for their _____-term archive

A

Long

34
Q

Long-term storage products still used are:

A

Optical disks
Tape
Magnetic disk

35
Q

Optical disk and magnetic tape use a _________ to hold the disks or tapes

A

Jukebox

36
Q

Magnetic disks use a _____ to hold the disks

A

Array

37
Q

How are MODs read?

A

Laser

38
Q

DVDs are the _____ expensive method for long-term archiving per gigabyte

A

Least

39
Q

__________ disks are a new generation of MOD

A

Ultra density optical (UDO)

40
Q

UDO disks use a ______ laser technology

A

Blue

41
Q

Tape libraries provide the greatest scalability of the ________-term archive options

A

Long

42
Q

Disadvantages of tape libraries

A

Less reliability over multiple uses
Can wear over time
Longer access time

43
Q

Developed by HP, IBM, and Quantum

A

Linear tape open (LTO)

44
Q

What kind of technology does LTO use

A

Open format

45
Q

What is open format technology?

A

Users have mutliple sources of product and media that enable interchange of products from various venders

46
Q

Invented in 1984 by Digital Equipment Corporation

A

Digital linear tape (DLT)

47
Q

Developed by Sony; first introducted in 1996

A

Advanced intelligent tape (AIT)

48
Q

What magnetic tape has the highest capacity?

A

AIT - 500GB

49
Q

RAID arrays may be configured into three different fashions:

A
  1. Direct attached storage
  2. Network attached storage
  3. Storage area network
50
Q

Coupled to the system just like a short-term RAID

A

Direct attached storage

51
Q

Stand-alone RAID arrays attached directly to the network

A

Network attached storage

52
Q

High-speed, special-purpose network that links different kinds of data storage devices with associated data servers such as disk array controllers and tape libraries

A

Storage Area Network

53
Q

PACS archives are chosen for many reasons, including:

A

System need
System cost
System compatibility

54
Q

A company that provides outsourcing of archiving and management functions for a pay-per-use or pay-per-month charge

A

Application Service Provider (ASP)

55
Q

A common use for ASP is a __________ recovery mechanism

A

Disaster

56
Q

___________ ________ involves making copies of each tape or disk and storing them in another location

A

Disaster recovery

57
Q

Backups are completed each day on the:

A

Image manager database

58
Q

Three components that are common in PACS are:

A

Film digitizers
Imagers
CD burners

59
Q

Another way to take a projection radiograph to a digital format other than PSP or FPD

A

Film digitizer

60
Q

How do film digtizers work?

A

Scans the analog film and produces numeric signals for each part of the scanned film

The numbers are fed into a software application that displays the image

61
Q

Two major types of digitizers

A
  1. Laser technology
  2. CCD technology
62
Q

The digitizer uses a ______ _______laser beam to convert the analog film into digital

A

Helium neon

63
Q

These digitizers are considered the gold standard

A

Laser firm

64
Q

Laser film digitizers can scan resolutions up to __k and __ bit

A

5K
12 bit

65
Q

The CCD film digitizer uses _______ ______ that shine through the film

A

Fluorescent bulbs

66
Q

Films are transferred from offsite clinics to the main department for primary reading

A

Teleradiology

67
Q

Computer-aided diagnosis is being used in:

A

Mammo and chest imaging

68
Q

Two major types of imagers

A

Wet (chemical) laser imagers
Dry laser imagers

69
Q

Uses chemicals to process film that has been exposed to laser

A

Wet imager

70
Q

The laser used for wet imagers emits a ____ light

A

Red

71
Q

Use heat to process a latent image etched into the silver emulsion by the laser

A

Dry imagers

72
Q

What type of silver does dry imagers have

A

Silver benenate

73
Q

In dry imagers, silver salts are exposed to heat and turn to:

A

Metallic silver

74
Q

Common uses of imagers

A

Backup
Difficult PACS locations
Outside physician offices
Legal cases
Teaching purposes

75
Q

How is information burned onto a disk

A

Starts from the center spiraling out to the edge of the disk

76
Q

The burned disk is a series of:

A

Pits and lands

77
Q

When a disk is burned with the patient’s images, a ___________ viewer is also burned onto the disk

A

DICOM

78
Q
A

Physics - Common Equipment (7 decks)

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