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Chemistry > Chapter 10 Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic chemistry

A

carbon containing compounds

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

simplest group which only contains H-atoms and C-atoms

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3
Q

Alkane

A

c-c SINGLE bond

-ane

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4
Q

Alkene (simple explaination)

A

c-c DOUBLE bond
-ene
double bond is a functional group

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5
Q

Alkyne (simple explaination)

A

c-c TRIPLE bond

-yne

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6
Q

Methane

A

CH4

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7
Q

Two carbons

A

eth-

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8
Q

Three carbons

A

prop-

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9
Q

Four carbons

A

but-

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10
Q

Five carbons

A

pent-

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11
Q

Six carbons

A

hex-

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12
Q

Homologous series

A

two neighbouring molecules separate by a CH2 group
molecules have chemical similar properties (all burn), but slightly different physical properties (changes as chain lengthens)

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13
Q

Naming alkanes

A
  1. find longest chain
  2. numerate carbon atoms
  3. name substituents
    = Number-name of subtituent - root name
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14
Q

Catenation

A

process in which many identical atoms are joined together by covalent bonds
= straught.chain, brached or cyclic structures

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15
Q

Functional groups

A

reactive part of molecules and commonly contain elements such as oxygen and nitrogen.
Atom or groups of atoms or bonds within a molecule that gives ots specific chracteristic reactions

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16
Q

Fractional distillation

A

physical separation process that uses differences in boiling points to separate the mixture into fractions of similar boiling points

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17
Q

Full structural formula

A

two-dimentional representation showing atoms + bonds + position

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18
Q

Condensed structural formula

A

atoms + bonds

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19
Q

Skeletal formula

A

line + vertex

represents carbon atoms present

20
Q

(Structural) Isomer

A

compounds with same chemical formula but different structural formula + uniquw physical and chemical properties

21
Q

Straight-chained pentane vs. branched pentane

A

S-c has a higher boiling point due to the strong forces between the chains
Brached structure results in weaker Van Der Waal forces, hence a lower boiling point

22
Q

Classifying hydrocarbons

A

TWO ways

  1. Alkane, alkene and alkyne
  2. Open chained and aromatic compounds (rings with alternating c-c and c=c)
23
Q

Saturated compound

A

carbon single-bonds

24
Q

Unsaturated compound

A

carbon double and triple bonds

25
Q

Alcohols

A

organic substances that contain an -OH (hydroxyl) group

26
Q

Alcohol classification

A
  1. Primary - carbon connected to OH group is only connected to ONE other carbon atom
  2. Secondary - carbon connected to the OH group is connected to TWO other carbon atoms
  3. Tertiary - carbon connected to OH group is connected to THREE other carbon atoms
27
Q

Halogenoalkanes

A

primary, secondary, tertiary classification
alkanes undergo free-radical substitution reactions with halogens, which is called homolytic cleavage/fission. Heterolytic cleavage/fission can also appear, where ions are formed as one atom takes all the shared electrons (creating + and -)

28
Q

Oxidation of alcohols

A

Acidified potassium dichromate (VI) or potassium mangante (VII) are used.
K2Cr2O7 is oxidizing agent. CR2O7^2- (orange) is reduced to Cr^3+ (green).
The oxidation depends on alcohol type.

29
Q

Oxidation of primary alcohols

A 
Two stage process
1. Aldehyde -al
C(H) = O
through distillation
2. Carboxylic acid -ois acid
C(OH) = O
through reflux

Naming: functional groups are always number 1.

30
Q

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

A

Ketone -one

-c-=O

31
Q

Oxidation of tertary alcohols

A

Trick question. Tertiary alcoh cannot be oxidized. However, they burn, like all alcohols to form CO2 and H2O

32
Q

Amines

A

Carbon bonded to Nitrogen
Classification depends on number of alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom of the funtional group.
Naming: root loses -e, gaines -amine.
N signifies that substituent is bonded to the nitrogen atom.

33
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbons

A

characterized by persence of benzene ring as all carbon atoms have equal electron density the molecule is symmetrical.

34
Q

Hydrogenation

A

addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst
removing c=c double bonds increases the melting point, making a substance a solid rather than a liquid
e.g. saturated oils have prolonged shelf lives

35
Q

The benzene molecule

A

C6H6
the bonds are intermediates between sinel bonds and double bonds
does not react as easily as alkenes as the delocalized electrons provide extra stability.

36
Q

Reactions of hydrocarbons

A

Alkanes do not react readily as the c-c bonds are relatively strong.
Complete combustion
Incomplete combustion

37
Q

Complete combustion

A

for all hydrocarbons, product is always CO2 and H2O

38
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

product is mixture of Carbon, CO and H2O (and CO2) due to limited access to O2

39
Q

Free-radicals

A

atoms/elements with an unpaired electron which makes them higly reactive

40
Q

Volatility

A

tendency to change from liquid to gas

decreases as the length of the carbon chain increases.

41
Q

Chloronation of alkanes

A

Initiation (free-radicals are formed by light)
Propagation
Termination (reactions are ended/come to an end)

42
Q

Reactions of alkenes

A 
Undergo addtion reactions
double bond "splits" into two single bonds
With bromine (brown);
double bond = color disappears
single or triple bond = color remains
43
Q

Reactions

A
  • Substitution
    replacement of individual atoms with other small groups of atoms
  • Addition
    two molecules added together to produce one molecule (alkenes)
  • Elimination
    removal of two substituents from molecule
44
Q

Reactions of alkanes

A

free-radical substitution

elimination to form unsaturated alkenes and alkynes

45
Q

Polymerization

A

A process in which monomers react together to form a polymer.

46
Q

Polymerization of alkanes

A

addition polymerization

  • reaction of small monomers with c=c double bonds linked together to form a polymer
  • a repeating structure is constructed/formed, which reflects the structure of the original monomer with double bonds replaced by single bonds and electrons released fromning new bonds to adjacent monomers.
47
Q

halogentaion of alkenes

A

addtion of element halogen (Cl2 or Br2 or I2 or F2) = dihalogenated alkane

Chemistry (11 decks)

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