Chapter 10: Nutrition Flashcards
Caloric need
Approximately 20-25 cal/kg/d
Calories/gram: fat
9 Calories/gram
Calories/gram: protein
4 calories / gram
Calories/gram: oral carbohydrates
4 calories / gram
Calories/gram: dextrose
3.4 calories / gram
Nutritional requirements for average healthy male
- 20% protein calories (1g protein/kg/d; 20% should be essential amino acids)
- 30% fat calories - important for essential fatty acids
- 50% carbohydrate calories
% kcal requirement increase: trauma, surgery, or sepsis
20% - 40%
kcal/day requirement: pregnancy
300 kcal / day
kcal/day requirement: lactation
500 kcal / day
Calculation: calorie requirement in burns
25 kcal/kg/d + (30 kcal/d x % burn)
Calculation: protein requirement in burns
1-1.5 g/kg/d + (3g x %burn)
What is much of energy expenditure used for?
Heat production
How does fever affect basal metabolic rate?
Fever increased BMR 10% for each degree above 38.0 degrees Celsius
Calculation: caloric need in obesity
Weight = [(actual weight - ideal body weight) x 0.25] + IBW
Calculates basal energy expenditure based on weight, height, age, and gender
Harris-Benedict Equation
Glucose goals central line TPN
Glucose based
- Maximum glucose administration -> 3 g/kg/h
Fat based central nutrition
Peripheral line parenteral nutrition (PPN) - fat based
Fuel for colonocytes
Short-chain fatty acids (e.g., butyric acid)
Fuel for small bowel enterocytes
Glutamine
- MC amino acid in bloodstream and tissue
- Releases NH4 in kidney, thus helping with nitrogen excretion
- Can be used for gluconeogenesis
Glutamine
Primary fuel for most neoplastic cells
Glutamine
Half-life: albumin
18 days
Half-life transferrin
10 days
Half-life prealbumin
2 days
Normal protein level
6.0 - 8.5
Normal albumin level
3.5 - 5.5
Acute indicators of nutritional status
Retinal binding protein.
Prealbumin.
Transferrin.
Ideal body weight:
- Men
- Women
- Men = 106lb + 6lb for each inch over 5ft
- Women = 100lb + 5lb for each inch over 5 ft
Preoperative signs of poor nutritional status
- Acute weight loss > 10% in 6 months
- Weight
Strong risk factor for morbidity and mortality after surgery
Low albumin (
Ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed
Respiratory quotient - measurement of energy expenditure
Def: RQ > 1
Lipogenesis (overfeeding)
Tx: decreased carbohydrates and caloric intake.
- High carbohydrate intake can lead to CO2 buildup and ventilator problems
Def: RQ
Ketosis and fat oxidation (starving)
- Tx: increased carbohydrates and caloric intake
RQ: pure fat utilization
RQ = 0.7
RQ: pure protein utilization
RQ = 0.8
RQ: pure carbohydrate utilization
RQ = 1.0
Post op: diuresis phase
Post op days 2-5
Post op: catabolic phase
Post op days 0 -3
RQ: pure carbohydrate utilization
RQ = 1.0
What is the degree of injury proportional to?
The magnitude of metabolic response
When does glycogen deplete?
Depleted after 24-36 hours of starvation on (2/3 in skeletal muscle, 1/3 in liver) -> body then switches to fat.
Where is glucose-6-phosphatase found?
Only in the liver.
None in skeletal muscle: G6P stays in muscle after breakdown from glycogen and is utilized.
Gluconeogenesis precursors (x4)
Amino acids (esp alanine).
Lactate.
Pyruvate.
Glycerol.
Simplest amino acid precursor for gluconeogenesis.
- Primary substrate for gluconeogenesis
Alanine
Only amino acids to increase during times of stress
Alanine and phenylalanine
Where does gluconeogenesis occur in late starvation?
Kidney
Why do protein-conserving mechanisms not happen after trauma?
Secondary to catecholamines and cortisol.
Main source of energy in starvation and in trauma
Fat (ketones)
- In trauma, energy is more mixed (fat and protein)