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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 10: Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Muscles

A

Movement Stability Control of openings and passageways Heat

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2
Q

Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber that allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium

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3
Q

A slightly thicker layer of connective tissue that contains fascicles that carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors.

A

Perimysium

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4
Q

Fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle. The outer surface grades into the fascia and the inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form Perimysium.

A

Epimysium

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5
Q

Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue.

A

Fascia

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6
Q

Muscles that are thick in the middle and tapered at the ends such as the biceps brachii and gastrocnemius.

A

Fusiform muscles

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7
Q

Muscles that have uniform width and parallel fascicles that can span long distances such as the rectus abdominis and the zygomaticus major.

A

Parallel muscles

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8
Q

Fan shaped muscles such as the pectoralis major and the temporalis.

A

Triangular or convergent muscles

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9
Q

Feather shaped muscles that have fascicles that insert obliquely on a tendon such as the rectus femoris and deltoid. These muscles can be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate.

A

Pennate muscles

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10
Q

Muscles that have a ring around a body opening such as the orbicularis oculi and the urethral and anal sphincters.

A

Circular muscles or sphincters

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11
Q

Three kinds of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

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12
Q

Tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment and the collagen fibers of the -endo, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon from there into the periosteum and the matrix of bones not what type of attachment?

A

Indirect attachment

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13
Q

Tendon that is a broad, flat sheet such as the rectus sheath.

A

Aponeurosis

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14
Q

Tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment and the collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon from there into the periosteum and the matrix of bone in what type of muscle attachment?

A

indirect muscle attachment

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15
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Frontalis

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16
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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17
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Orbicularis oris

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18
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Zygomaticus major

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19
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Zygomaticus minor

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20
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Buccinator

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21
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Platysma

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22
Q

To open the mouth

A

depression

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23
Q

Biting and grinding

A

elevation

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24
Q

Using the incisors to cut

A

protraction

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25
Q

Make rear teeth meet

A

retraction

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26
Q

grinding food

A

lateral and medial excursion

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27
Q

This muscle opens the mouth widely.

A

Digastric

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28
Q

This muscle elevates the floor of the mouth at the beginning of swallowing.

A

Mylohyoid

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29
Q

This muscle depresses the hyoid and elevates the larynx.

A

Thyrohyoid

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30
Q

This muscle depressed the larynx after elevation.

A

Sternothyroid

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31
Q

Tipping head forward

A

flexion

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32
Q

Holding the head erect

A

Extension

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33
Q

Tipping the head side to side

A

Lateral flexion

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34
Q

Turning the head left and right

A

Rotation

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35
Q

Movement of the head toward the opposite side

A

contralateral movement

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36
Q

Movement of the head toward the same side

A

ipsilateral movement

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37
Q

Neck flexors

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalenes
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38
Q

Neck extensors

A
  • Trapezius
  • Splenius capitis
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39
Q

What muscle is this? It is used in neck flexion and also contributes to breathing.

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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40
Q

What muscle is this? It is used in neck flexion and contributes to beathing.

A

Scalenes

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41
Q

What muscle is this?

  • It is used in neck extention.
  • Stabilizes the scapula and shoulder
  • Elevates and depresses the shoulder apex
A

Trapezius

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42
Q

What muscle is this? It is used in neck extension.

A

Splenius capitis

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43
Q

What muscle is this? It is a thin muscular sheath and is the major muscle used in respiration.

A

Diaphragm

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44
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Adducts the arm
  • Medially rotates the arm
  • Contributes to breathing
A

Pectoralis major

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45
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Deep to the pectoralis major
  • Stabilizes scapula
  • Protracts/Abducts the scapula (aids serratus anterior)
  • Laterally rotates the scapula
A

Pectoralis minor

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46
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Looks like a serrated knife
  • Contributes to breathing
  • Stabilizes scapula
  • Protracts/Abducts scapula
  • Medially rotates scapula
A

Serratus anterior

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47
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Elevates ribs
  • Expands thoracic cavity
  • Creates partial vacuum causing inflow of air
  • Contributes to breathing
A

External intercostals

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48
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Depresses and retracts ribs
  • Compresses thoracic cavity
  • Expells air
  • Deep to external intercostals
A

Internal intercostals

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49
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Adducts the arm
  • Extends the arm
  • Medially rotates the arm
  • Contributes to breathing
A

Latissimus dorsi

50
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Intermediate layer of lateral abdominal muscles
  • aponeurosis
  • contibutes to breathing
  • Strengthens abdominal wall
A

Internal abdominal obliques

51
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Most superficial layer of lateral abdominal muscles
  • Supports abdominal viscera against pull of gravity
  • Stabilizes vertebral column during heavy lifting
  • Maintains posture
  • Compresses abdominal organs
  • Aids in forced expiration
  • Roation at waist
  • Strengthens abdominal wall
A

External abdominal oblique

52
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Deepest layer of lateral abdominal muscles
  • Horizontal fibers
  • Compress abdominal contents
  • Contibutes to movements of the vertebral column and breathing and strengthens abdominal wall
A

Transverse abdominis

53
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Flexes lumbar region of vertebral column
  • Produces forward bending of the waist
  • Strengthens abdominal wall
  • Extends from sternum to pubis
  • Rectus sheath encloses muscle
  • “six pack”
A

Rectus abdominis

54
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Elevates the scapula
  • Inferiorally rotates the scapula
  • Laterally flexes the neck (when scapula is fixed)
A

Levator scapulae

55
Q

What muscle is this

  • Elevates the scapula
  • Retracts/Adducts the scapula
A

Rhomboid major

56
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Elevates the scapula
  • Retracts/Adducts the scapula
A

Rhomboid minor

57
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Elevates ribs 2-5
A

Serratus posterior superior

58
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Depresses ribs 9-12
A

Serratus posterior inferior

59
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Function is to erect your spine
A

Erector spinae

60
Q

Any condition in which the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the musclular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

61
Q
  • Most common type of hernia
  • viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum
  • rare in women
A

Inguinal hernia

62
Q
  • Type of hernia where stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax
  • Usually found in overweight people over 40
A

Hiatial hernia

63
Q
  • Viscera protrude through the navel
  • Mostly found in infants
A

Umbilical hernia

64
Q
  • Spaces in which muscles are organized and are separated by fibrous connective tissue sheets (fasciae) that contains one or more functionally related muscles along with their nerve and blood supplies
A

compartments

65
Q
  • When one of the muscles or blood vessels in a compartment is injured due to mounting pressure on the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels that trigger a sequence of degenerative events
  • If ischemia lasts more than 2-4 hours, nerves can die
  • After 6 hours muscles can die
  • Myoglobin in urine indicates this
  • Treated with immobilization of limb and fasciotomy
A

Compartment syndrome

66
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Rotates and abducts arm
  • intramuscular injection site
67
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Extends and medially rotates the humerus
  • Adducts the arm
A

Teres major

68
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Flexes and medially rotates the arm
A

Coracobrachialis

69
Q

Muscles that form the rotator cuff:

“SITS”

A
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres Minor
  • Subscapularis
70
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Abducts the arm
  • Holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity
  • 1 of 4 muscles of rotator cuff
  • This muscle’s tendon is the most easily damaged
A

Supraspinatus

71
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Laterally rotates the arm
  • Holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity
  • 1 of 4 muscles in rotator cuff
A

Infraspinatus

72
Q

What muscle is this?

  • 1 of 4 muscles of the rotator cuff
  • Laterally rotates the arm
  • Holds the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
  • Weakly adducts the arm
A

Teres minor

73
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Deep to biceps brachii
  • Principle flexor
  • Prime mover of elbow flexion
  • Produces 50% more power than biceps brachii
  • Aids in forearm flexion
A

Brachialis

74
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Synergistic flexor
  • Anterior
  • Supination of forearm
  • Flexion of forearm
  • Weak flexion of arm
A

Biceps brachii

75
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Posterior
  • Principle extensor
  • Prime mover of elbow extension
  • Extension of forearm
  • Extension of arm (long head)
A

Triceps brachii

76
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Flexes elbow
  • Synergistic flexor
  • Assists in pronation of forearm when supinated
  • Assists in supination of forearm when pronated
A

Brachioradialis

77
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Attaches to the carpals on the thumb side
  • Flexes the wrist
  • Abducts the hand
A

Flexor carpi radialis

78
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Attaches to the carpals on the pinky side
  • Flexes the wrist
  • Adducts the hand
A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

79
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Flexes the wrist
  • Tense palmar aponeurosis
A

Palmaris longus

80
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Posterior
  • Extends the wrist
  • Abducts the hand
A

Extensor carpi radialis longus

81
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Posterior
  • Shorter
  • Extends wrist
  • Abducts hand
A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

82
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Extends fingers 2-5
  • Assists in extension of wrist
  • Posterior
A

Extensor digitorum

83
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Extends wrist
  • Abducts hand
  • Posterior
A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

84
Q

What is highlighted?

  • Bracelet-like fibrous sheet that the flexor tendons of the extrinsic muscles that flex the wrist pass on their way to their insertions
A

Flexor retinaculum

85
Q

What is highlighted?

  • Tight space between the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones
A

Carpal tunnel

86
Q
  • Prolonged , repetitive motions of wrist and fingers can cause tissues in the carpal tunnel to become inflammed, swollen, or fibrotic that puts pressure on the median nerve of the wrist that passes through the carpal tunnel along with the flexor tendons.
A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

87
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Contains the iliacus and psoas major
  • Flexes thigh at hip
  • Iliacus portion arises from the iliac crest and fossa
  • Psoas portion arises from lumbar vertebrae
88
Q

What muscles is this?

  • Medially rotates femur
  • Flexes femur
  • Abducts femur
  • Stabilizes knee
  • Extends and laterally rotates knee
A

Tensor fasciae latae

89
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Forms mass of the buttock
  • Prime hip extensor
  • Provides most lift when you climb stairs
  • Extends and laterally rotates thigh
  • Abducts thigh
A

Gluteus maximus

90
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Abducts thigh
  • Medially rotates thigh
  • Lowers pelvis on weight-bearing side
A

Gluteus medius

91
Q

What is this muscle?

  • Abducts and medially rotates thigh
  • Lowers pelvis on weight-bearing side
A

Gluteus minimus

92
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Adducts the thigh
A

Adductor brevis

93
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Adducts the thigh
A

Adductor longus

94
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Adducts the thigh
  • Extends the thigh
A

Adductor magnus

95
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Adducts the thigh
  • Flexes the leg
96
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Adducts thigh
  • Flexes thigh
  • Medially rotates thigh
97
Q

What is the muscle?

  • Prime mover of knee extension
  • Most powerful muscle in the body
  • Four heads
  • Extends leg
  • Flexes thigh
A

Quadriceps femoris

98
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Extends leg and flexes thigh
  • 1 of 4 heads of quadriceps femoris
A

Rectus femoris

99
Q

What muscle is this?

  • 1 of 4 heads of quadriceps femoris
  • Lateral side
  • extends leg
A

Vastus lateralis

100
Q

What muscle is this?

  • 1 of 4 heads of quadriceps femoris
  • Extends leg
  • Medial side
A

Vastus medialis

101
Q

What muscle is this?

  • 1 of 4 quadriceps femoris
  • Extends leg
  • Deep to rectus femoris
A

Vastus intermedius

102
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Flexes leg
  • Extends thigh
  • Posterior
A

Biceps femoris

103
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Posterior
  • Flexes leg
  • Extends the thigh
  • More lateral than medial
A

Semitendinosus

104
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Posterior
  • Flexes leg
  • Extends thigh
  • More medial
A

Semimembranosus

105
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Extention of toes 2-5
  • Dorsifelxion and eversion of foot
  • Prevents toes from scuffing when walking
A

Extensor digitorum longus

106
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Longest muscle in the body
  • Tailor’s muscle-allows for crossing legs
  • Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh
  • Flexes leg
107
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Dorsiflexes and everts foot
  • Prevents toes from scuffing when walking
  • Dorsiflex the ankle
A

Tibialis anterior

108
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Plantar flexes foot and leg
  • Calf muscle
A

Gastrocnemius

109
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Deep to gastrocnemius
  • Plantar flexes foot
110
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Flexes phalanges
A

Flexor digitorum longus

111
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Acts on knee
  • Laterally rotates thigh on leg (weight-bearing)
  • Medially rotates leg on thigh (non weight-bearing)
112
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Plantar flexion of foot
  • Flexes leg
113
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Plantar flexes the foot
  • Everts the foot
  • Provides lift and forward thrust
A

Fibularis longus and brevis

114
Q
  • Strongest tendon in the body
    • aka “Achilles tendon”
A

calcaneal tendon

115
Q

What is this?

A

Rectus sheath

116
Q

“white line”

A

Linea alba

117
Q

What is this?

A

Iliotibial tract

118
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Elevation of eyebrows
  • Creases skin of forehead
  • Moves scalp backwards
A

Occipitalis

119
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Elevates and retracts the mandible
A

Temporalis

120
Q

What muscle is this?

  • Elevates and protracts mandible

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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