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A&P 2 > Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

muscular system

A

the body system that consists of the skeletal muscles & associated connective tissue

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2
Q

muscle tension

A

generated force that….
creates movement
maintains posture
generates heat
stabilizes joints
regulates material flow through hollow organs

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3
Q

endomysium

A

the surrounding extracellular matrix of muscle cells
* it holds muscle cells together within muscle tissue
* transmits tension to neighboring cells.

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4
Q

muscle fibers

A

alternating name for a skeletal muscle cell

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5
Q

intercalated discs

A
  • unites cardiac muscle cells
  • permits them to coordinate contraction so that the heart contracts as a unit
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6
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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7
Q

describe skeletal muscle tissue structure

A
  • long, cylindrical striated fibers
  • multinucleated
  • voluntary
  • function: produces movement of the body
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8
Q

describe cardiac muscle tissue structure

A
  • short, wide, branching striated cells w/ intercalated discs
  • single nucleus or 2 nuclei
  • involuntary
    function: produces beating of the heart
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9
Q

describe smooth muscle tissue structure

A
  • long and flattened cells (oval-shaped)
  • joined by gap junctions
  • single nucleus
  • found in walls of hollow organs, skin, and eyes
  • involuntary
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10
Q

contractility

A

the ability of cells to contract (proteins within cell draw together)

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11
Q

excitability

A

cells responsiveness in the presence of stimuli

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12
Q

conductivity

A

Ability of electrical changes across a cell’s membrane to be conducted along the entire length of the plasma membrane.

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13
Q

distensibility

A

A cell’s ability to stretch without damage or rupturing

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14
Q

elasticity

A

A cell’s ability to return to their original shape after being stretched

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15
Q

sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

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16
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

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17
Q

myofibrils

A

bundles of specialized proteins, including those involved in muscle contraction.

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18
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

modified endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers;
STORES CALCIUM IONS

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19
Q

transverse tubules

A

hollow inward extensions of sarcolemma which surround myofibrils; filled with ECF

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20
Q

terminal cisternae

A

enlarged regions of sarcoplasmic reticulum where it contacts t-tubules

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21
Q

contractile proteins

A

proteins that produce tension

22
Q

regulatory proteins

A

controls when the muscle fiber can contract

23
Q

structural proteins

A

hold myofilaments in place and ensures stability of myofibril and muscle fiber

24
Q

thick filaments

A

a myofilament composed of many molecules of the protein myosin

25
Q

thin filament

A

myofilament composed of molecules of the proteins actin, troponin, & tropomyosin

26
Q

elastic filaments

A

myofilament consisting of structural protein titin

27
Q

sliding filament mechanism

A

the mechanism of contraction of a muscle cell in which thin & thick filaments slide past one another

28
Q

leak channels

A

ion channels that are always open
- continually allow ions to follow gradients into/out of cell

29
Q

gated channels

A

ion channels that are closed at rest, and open only in response to certain stimuli

30
Q

ligand-gated channels

A

ion channel that opens in response to certain chemical binding to the channel (or to an associated receptor)

31
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

open or close in response to changes in voltage across the membrane.

32
Q

Na+/ K+ ion pump

A

maintains concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions across the sarcolemma, using ATP

33
Q

action potential

A

quick, temporary change in the membrane potential in a single region of the plasma membrane

34
Q

depolarization stage

A

temporary increase in cell membrane potential
- Less negative (ex: from -90 to 30)

35
Q

repolarization stage

A

sarcolemma returns to its negative resting membrane potential
- it goes back to a polarized state

36
Q

motor neuron

A

neuron that transmits motor impulses from the CNS to a muscle or gland cell

37
Q

synapse

A

location where presynaptic neuron communicated with its target cell

38
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

where a neuron communicates with a muscle fiber

39
Q

glycolytic catabolism

A
  • ATP-producing reaction
  • glucose is broken down to make 2 molecules of pyruvate
  • does not require oxygen
40
Q

oxidative catabolism

A
  • a reaction that occurs in mitochondria
  • oxygen IS required to make ATP
  • produces MORE ATP than glycolysis.
41
Q

muscle twitch

A

a single cycle of contraction of a muscle fiber generated by a single action potential

42
Q

twitch contraction: Latent period

A

the time that it takes for the action potential to spread through the sarcolemma

43
Q

twitch contraction: contraction period

A

a rapid increase in tension as crossbridge cycles occur repeatedly.

44
Q

twitch contraction: relaxation period

A

tension decreases due to the decreasing calcium ion concentration in the cytosol. Muscle fiber eventually relaxes fully.

45
Q

refractory period

A

period during which muscle fiber cannot respond to another stimulus.

46
Q

unfused tetanus

A
  • type of wave summation
  • muscle fiber is stimulated rapidly and can only partially relax b/w contractions
47
Q

fused tetanus

A

type of wave summation
- muscle fiber is stimulated rapidly and fiber is NOT allowed to relax b/x contractions

48
Q

type 1 fibers

A
  • slow-twitch fibers that are small-intermediate in diameter
  • contract slowly/less forcefully than other fibers
  • requires large ATP amounts via oxidative catabolism
  • a large amount of myoglobin, mitochondria, & blood supply
49
Q

type 2 fibers

A

fast-twitch fibers … often larger in diameter & contract more rapidly than type I fibers
* quickly fatigued
* rely on glycolytic energy
* less myoglobin, less mitochondria, less blood supply

50
Q

motor unit

A

the group of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron

51
Q

muscle tone

A

Even when a muscle is at rest, it still has some degree of tension
- tone is due to involuntary activation of motor units by the brain and spinal cord

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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