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General Psychology II > Chapter 10 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive behaviors

A

Actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions.

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2
Q

Adrenaline

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that tends to arouse the body.

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3
Q

Alexithymia

A

A learned difficulty expressing emotions; more common in men.

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4
Q

Amygdala

A

A part of the limbic system (within the brain) that produces fear responses

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5
Q

Androgen

A

Any number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone.

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6
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins.

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7
Q

Arousal theory

A

Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal.

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8
Q

Attribution

A

The mental process of assigning causes to events. In emotion, the process of attributing arousal to a particular source.

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

The system of nerves that connects the brain with the internal organs and glands.

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10
Q

Bait shyness

A

An unwillingness or hesitation on the part of animals to eat a particular food.

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11
Q

Basic needs

A

The first four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs.

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12
Q

Behavioral dieting

A

Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation.

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13
Q

Biological motives

A

Innate motives based on biological needs.

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14
Q

Biological preparedness (to learn)

A

) Organisms are more easily able to learn some associations (e.g., food and illness) than others (e.g., flashing light and illness). Evolution, then, places biological limits on what an animal or person can easily learn.

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15
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives.

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16
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

States that activity in the thalamus causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously.

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17
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day

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18
Q

Drive

A

The psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals. For example, hunger, thirst, or a drive for success.

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19
Q

Duchenne smile

A

An authentic smile (as opposed to a posed, false smile).

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20
Q

Emblems

A

Gestures that have widely understood meanings within a particular culture.

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21
Q

Emotion

A

A state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings.

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22
Q

Emotional appraisal

A

Evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation.

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23
Q

Emotional expression

A

Outward signs that an emotion is occurring.

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24
Q

Emotional feelings

A

The private, subjective experience of having an emotion.

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25
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

The ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions.

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26
Q

Episodic drive

A

A drive that occurs in distinct episodes.

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27
Q

Extracellular thirst

A

Thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between
body cells.

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28
Q

Estrogen

A

Any of a number of female sex hormones.

29
Q

Estrus

A

Changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly
used to refer to females in heat.

30
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors.

31
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

States that sensations from facial expressions help define what emotion a person feels.

32
Q

Galvanic skin response (GSR)

A

A change in the electrical resistance (or inversely, the conductance) of the skin, due to sweating.

33
Q

Goal

A

The target or objective of motivated behavior.

34
Q

Growth needs

A

In Maslow’s hierarchy, the higher level needs associated with self-actualization.

35
Q

Guilty knowledge test

A

Polygraph procedure involving testing people with knowledge only a guilty person could know.

36
Q

Hierarchy of human needs

A

Abraham Maslow’s ordering of needs, based on their presumed strength or potency.

37
Q

Homeostasis

A

A steady state of body equilibrium.

38
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A small area at the base of the brain that regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, especially hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.

39
Q

Illustrators

A

Gestures people use to illustrate what they are saying.

40
Q

Incentive value

A

The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need.

41
Q

Intracellular thirst

A

Thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased
concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell.

42
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Motivation that comes from within, rather than from external rewards; motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity.

43
Q

James-Lange theory

A

States that emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal.

44
Q

Kinesics

A

Study of the meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and facial expressions; commonly called body language.

45
Q

Meta-needs

A

In Maslow’s hierarchy, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization.

46
Q

Metabolic rate

A

The rate at which energy is consumed by bodily activity.

47
Q

Mood

A

A low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state.

48
Q

Motivation

A

Internal processes that initiate, sustain, direct and terminate activities.

49
Q

Need

A

An internal deficiency that may energize behavior.

50
Q

Need for achievement (nAch)

A

The desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence.

51
Q

Need for power

A

The desire to have social impact and control over others.

52
Q

Non-homeostatic drive

A

A drive that is relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or bodily need states.

53
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

States that strong emotions tend to be followed by an opposite emotional state; also the strength of both emotional states changes over time.

54
Q

Parasympathetic branch

A

A part of the autonomic system that quiets the body and conserves energy.

55
Q

Parasympathetic rebound

A

Excess activity in the parasympathetic nervous system following a period of intense emotion.

56
Q

Physiological changes (in emotion)

A

Alterations in heart rate, blood pressure,

perspiration, and other involuntary responses.

57
Q

Polygraph

A

A device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response; commonly called a “lie detector.”

58
Q

Primary emotions

A

According to Robert Plutchik, the most basic emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance.

59
Q

Response

A

Any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior.

60
Q

Schachter’s cognitive theory

A

States that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues.

61
Q

Set point

A

The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating.

62
Q

Sex drive

A

The strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behavior.

63
Q

Stimulus motives

A

Motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals.

64
Q

Social motives

A

Learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture.

65
Q

Sympathetic branch

A

A part of the ANS that activates the body at times of stress.

66
Q

Taste aversion

A

An active dislike for a particular food.

67
Q

Test anxiety

A

High levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance.

68
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

A summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance.

General Psychology II (1 decks)

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