Chapter 10 Intelligence

Question 1

What is intelligence?

Answer 1

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.”

Question 2

General Intelligence or (g) ?

Answer 2

according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Question 3

2 factors of primary Mental abilities are:

Answer 3

• Fluid Intelligence (Gf)
• Crystallized intelligence (Gc)

Question 4

What is Fluid Intelligence (Gf) ?

Answer 4

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood.

Question 5

What is Crystallized intelligence (Gc) ?

Answer 5

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Question 6

What is Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory ?

Answer 6

the theory that our intelligence is based on g as well as specific abilities, bridged by Gf and Gc.

Question 7

What is Savant Syndrome?

Answer 7

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Question 8

What are sternberg’s 3 intelligences?

Answer 8

1) Analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence: is assessed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer. Such tests predict school grades reasonably well and vocational success more modestly.

2) Creative intelligence: is demonstrated in innovative smarts: the ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas.

3) Practical intelligence: is required for everyday tasks that may be poorly defined and may have multiple solutions

Question 9

How many intelligences did Howard Gardner idenfied?

Answer 9

Eight intelligences - linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily- kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist

Question 10

What is emotional intelligence?

Answer 10

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

Question 11

What are the 4 components of emotional intelligence?

Answer 11

1) Perceiving emotions: (recognizing them in faces, music, and stories, and identifying one’s own emotions)

2) Understanding emotions: (predicting them and how they may change and blend)

3) Managing emotions: (knowing how to express them in varied situations, and how to handle others’ emotions)

4) Using emotions: to facilitate adaptive or creative thinking.

Question 12

What is an Intelligence test?

Answer 12

a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Question 13

Achievement test?

Answer 13

are intended to reflect what you have learned. Your final exam will measure what you learned in this class

Question 14

Aptitude test ?

Answer 14

a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.
If you took an entrance exam, it was designed to predict your ability to do college or university work.

Question 15

What is mental age?

Answer 15

the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age. Thus, a child who does as well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

Question 16

intelligence quotient (IQ) ?

Answer 16

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca×100).
On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Question 17

An employer with a pool of applicants for a single available position is interested in testing each applicant’s potential. To determine that, she should use an ______ (achievement/aptitude) test. That same employer wishing to test the effectiveness of a new, on-the-job training program would be wise to use an___________ (achievement/aptitude) test.

Answer 17

Aptitude, achievement

Question 18

To be widely accepted, a psychological test must meet three criteria:

Answer 18

1) Standardized - defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

2) Reliability - the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting

3) Validity - the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Question 19

What is normal curve?

Answer 19

the bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

Question 20

What are the traits of those at the low and high intelligence extremes?”

Answer 20

People who score at the two extremes of the normal curve should differ noticeably, and they do.
- An intelligence test score of or below 70 is one diagnostic criterion for the diagnosis of intellectual disability ( low extreme) .
- People at the high intelligence extreme, such as those with IQ scores of over 135 tend to be healthy and well-adjusted, as well as unusually successful academically.

Question 21

cross-sectional study?

Answer 21

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

Question 22

longitudinal study?

Answer 22

research that follows and retests the same people over time

Question 23

Cohort?

Answer 23

a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as being from a given time period

Question 24

How stable are intelligence test scores over the life span?

Answer 24

The stability of intelligence test scores increases with age. At age 4, scores begin to predict adolescent and adult scores. By age 11, scores are very stable and predictive.

Question 25

How does aging affect crystallized intelligence (Gc) and fluid intelligence (Gf)?

Answer 25

Fluid intelligence (Gf) declines in older adults, in part because neural processing slows. However, crystallized intelligence (Gc) tends to increase with age.

Question 26

What is heritability?

Answer 26

the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Question 27

growth mindset

Answer 27

a focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed

Question 28

How can environmental influences affect cognitive development?

Answer 28

Studies of children raised in impoverished environments with minimal social interaction indicate that life experiences significantly influence cognitive development. No evidence supports the idea that normal, healthy children can be molded into geniuses by growing up in an exceptionally enriched environment. Environments that foster a growth mindset do not alter intelligence, but can positively impact achievement

Question 29

How and why do the genders differ in mental ability scores?

Answer 29

Boys and girls have the same average intelligence test scores, but they tend to differ in some specific abilities. Girls, on average, are better spellers, more verbally fluent, better at reading and at locating objects, better at detecting emotions, and more sensitive to touch, taste, and color. Boys outperform girls at spatial ability and complex mathematics, though boys and girls hardly differ in math computation and overall math performance. Boys also outnumber girls at the low and high extremes of mental abilities. Evolutionary and cultural explanations have been proposed for these gender differences.

Question 30

How and why do racial and ethnic groups differ in mental ability scores

Answer 30

Racial and ethnic groups differ in their average intelligence test scores. Evidence suggests that environmental differences are responsible for these group differences.

Question 31

Are intelligence tests biased or unfair?

Answer 31

The scientific meaning of bias hinges on a test’s ability to predict future behavior for all test-takers, not just for some. In this sense, most experts consider the major aptitude tests unbiased. However, if we consider bias to mean that a test may be influenced by the test-taker’s cultural experience, then intelligence tests, by that definition, may be considered unfair.

Question 32

stereotype threat?

Answer 32

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

Question 33

To say that the heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent of -

a) an individual’s intelligence is due to genetic factors.

b) the similarities between two groups of people are attributable to genes.

c) the variation in intelligence within a group of people is attributable to genetic factors.

d) an individual’s intelligence is due to each parent’s genes.

Answer 33

C

Question 34

The strongest support for heredity’s influence on intelligence is the finding that -

a) identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores.

b) the correlation between intelligence test scores of fraternal twins is not higher than that for other siblings.

c) similarity of mental abilities between adopted siblings increases with age.

d) children in impoverished families have similar intelligence scores.”

Answer 34

A

Question 35

The environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development is -

a) exposing normal infants to enrichment programs before age 1

b) growing up in an economically disadvantaged home.

c) being raised in conditions of extreme deprivation.

d) being an identical twin.

Answer 35

C

Question 36

____________ can lead to poor performance on tests by undermining test-takers’ belief that they can do well on the test.”

Answer 36

stereotype threat