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PSYC 1200 > CHAPTER 10- INTELLIGENCE > Flashcards

CHAPTER 10- INTELLIGENCE Flashcards

1
Q

What is Intelligence?

A

The ability to solve novel problems and learn from experience

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2
Q

What are the 4 questions asked about Intelligence?

A
  1. How can it be measured?
  2. What is it?
  3. Where does it come from?
  4. Why are some people more intelligent than others?
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3
Q

Q1. How Can Intelligence Be Measured?

A

There are at least 3 different types of tests of mental abilities; only one is a test of intelligence

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of tests of mental abilities?

A
  • Intelligence
  • Aptitude
  • Achievement
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5
Q

What is the Intelligence Tests?

A

Samples multiple mental abilites
Example: WAIS has 10 subtests

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6
Q

What is the Aptitude Test?

A

Predicts future performance or most likely to succeed + predicts the ability to learn
Example: SAT measures verbal & math

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7
Q

What is Achievement Tests?

A

It assesses what a person has learned; “Did you achieve what you were supposed to achieve”
Example: reading at a grade 9 level

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8
Q

What are the 3 Principles of Test Construction?

A
  1. Standardization
    - to obtain an average score for a large representative sample (ex. obtain norms)
  2. Reliability
    - refers to consistency
    - the test must yield similar scores each time it is given
  3. Validity
    - refers to accuracy
    - the test must actually measure what it claims to measure
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9
Q

What is the Flynn Effect?

A
  • Flynn was the researcher who noticed that there is evidence that intelligence has been increasing over generations, not decreasing
  • refers to the fact that the average IQ score today is higher than it was a century ago- this is due to imporved nutrition, schooling, and parenting
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10
Q

How is Reliability and Validity measured?

A
  • is measured with a correlation coefficient (r)
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11
Q

what is Reliability?

A
  • includes test-retest method + split-half method
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12
Q

what is the Test-retest method?

A
  • is a method of reliability
  • it uses correlation (-1 to +1)
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13
Q

what is Validity?

A
  • criterion
  • uses 2 methods of validity: content validity + predictive validity
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14
Q

what is criterion?

A

a behaviour the test is trying to measure or predict
(ex. driving, GPA)

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15
Q

what is Content Validity?

A
  • is a method of validity
  • how well the test samples the criterion
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16
Q

what is predictive Validity?

A
  • is a method of validity
  • how well the test predicts the criterion
    (SAT r GPA)
17
Q

what is the relationship between reliability and validity? can a test be reliable but not valid? can a test be valid but not reliable?

A

The relationship:
: validity requires reliability, but reliability does not require validity

can a test be reliable but not valid:
- yes, a 50 meter dash is not a valid measure of I.Q. but test-retest r is high

can a test be valid but not reliable?
- no, if a test is not reliable it can’t be measuring anything with accuracy

18
Q

Why did the nation’s average SAT scores drop in the ’60s-‘70s in the USA?

A
  • because they failed to re-standardize the SAT
  • people who take the SAT, all individually vary to those compared who took it years ago
  • this is because populations change overtime
19
Q

Why were intelligence test originally created?

A
  • They were created by Alfred Binet and William Stern to detect children who were struggling in school in France
  • they assembled a test to measure the child’s aptitude of learning
20
Q

What is the difference between Ratio IQ and deviation IQ?

A

Ratio IQ:
- a metric obtained by dividing a child;s mental age by the child’s physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100
Deviation IQ:
- is a metric obtained by dividing a person’s test score by the average test score for people that age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

21
Q

What is the most widely use modern test of intelligence (WAIS)?

A
  • the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, developed by David Wechsler
  • it measures intelligence by asking people to answer questions and solve problems
22
Q

What is Factor Analysis?

A

is a term to describe a set of statistical method that is used to evaluate relationships among a set of observed relationships

23
Q

What are Spearman’s g and s?

A

Spearman’s factor analysis found:
1. ALL mental abilities correlate to some degree; general cognitive ability (implies g)
2. but some correlated more than others; specific abilities (implies s)
- therefore he proposed a two-factory theory of intelligence

24
Q

What is Spearman’s Two Factor Theory?

A
  • suggests that a person’s performance on a test is due to a combination of general cognitive ability and specific abilities that are unique to the test
  • success at a task requires both: general intelligence and specific skills
25
Q

What is Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities?

A
  • he noticed that the correlation between performances on different tests were all positive, they were much stronger when the tests has something in common
  • In contrary to Spearman’s claims, there was no general ability called intelligence, but there are primary mental abilities (some abilities are more important than g)
26
Q

What are the levels of the Three-Level Hierarchy of Intelligence?

A
  • Top: general factor (general intelligence)
  • Middle: group factors (middle level abilities)
  • Bottom: specific factors (specific abilities)
27
Q

What is the difference between crystalized intelligence and Fluid Intelligence?

A

Crystalized intelligence:
- is the ability to apply knowledge that was acquired through experience
Fluid Intelligence:
- is the ability to solve and reason about novel problems

28
Q

What is Sternberg’s 3 types of intelligence?

A
  1. analytic intelligence:
    - the ability to identify and define problems + find strategies to solve them
  2. creative intelligence:
    - the ability to generate solutions that other people do not
  3. practical intelligence:
    - the ability to implement these solutions in everyday settings
29
Q

What is Salovey’s emotional intelligence?

A
  • is the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning
30
Q

What are the cultural difference in how intelligence is conceptualized?

A
  • in some cases Westerners tend to regard people as intelligent when they speak up + quickly; but Africans tend to regard people as intelligent when they are deliberative and quiet
  • non-western societies conceive of intelligence as including social responsibility and cooperativeness
31
Q

What is the Heritability of intelligence and wealth/poverty

A

The Heritability of Intelligence:
- high-income: 0.72
- better environment, so the difference in their Iq scores may be due to their genes

  • low-income: 0.10
  • low environment, so the differences in IQ scores can be due to their environment and genes
32
Q

What is the Heritability of intelligence and age?

A
  • the heritability of intelligence is higher among adults than in children
    Why?
  • older people are more similar than the environments of younger people therefore what differs between them is their genes
33
Q

What is the difference between shared and non-shared environment?

A

Shared environment:
- refers to the features of the environment that are experienced by all relevant members of a household
Non-shared Household:
- refers to features of the environment that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household

34
Q

What is the correlation between SES and IQ

A
  • studies suggest that being raised in a high SES (socioeconomic status) than a low SES is between 12-18 IQ points
  • being in a high SES can raise their IQ because of their wealthier environment
35
Q

What is the correlation between education and intelligence?

A
  • smart people tend to stay in school, or staying in school will make people smart
  • studies show that education can raise a person’s IQ by 1 to 5 points
36
Q

What. is the complex relationship between genes and the environment?

A
  • both influence intelligence, but they interact in complicated ways:
  • genes come from parents, but the environment can turn a gene on + cause it to express itself (epigenetics)
  • genes can cause a person to select certain environments, which then affects IQ
37
Q

what is the correlation between sex differences and intelligence?

A
  • though males and females have the same average IQ, males IQ scores are wider and more variable than females
  • this could be due to they differences in how they socialize or innate biological differences

PSYC 1200 (1 decks)

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