Chapter 10 Improve Motor Function Flashcards
What is motor control?
Area of study dealing with understanding of neural, physical, and behavior aspects of movement.
What are the stages of motor behavior?
- Stimulus identification
- Response selection (plan for movement is developed)
- Response Programming
What’s a motor program?
An abstract representation that, when initiated, results in the production of coordinated movement sequence.
Requires synergistic component parts, force, direction, and extent of movement.
What is feedforward and feedback control?
Feedforward - sending signals in advance of movement to ready for incoming sensory feedback or for future movement (anticipatory adjustments)
Feedback - Response-produced information received during or after the movement (monitors movement)
Explain the hierarchical theory.
CNS is organized into 3 primary levels of control: high, middle, and low centers. Control was viewed as proceeding in a descending direction from higher to lower centers, a “top-down” progression. (brain always in control)
Explain the Systems Theory.
Motor control is the result of the cooperative actions of many interacting systems, working to accommodate the demands of the specific task. (brain and spine centers work together to meet demands of body, both internal and external factors are taken into consideration when planning movements)
Describe open-looped system and closed-loop control system.
Open-looped: Preprogrammed instructions to set effectors (motor program) run without the influence of peripheral feedback or error detection (playing piano, not having to look for letters to appear when typing)
Closed-looped: Employs feedback and referenced for correctness to compute error and initiate subsequent corrections (play role in learning motor skills, used for posture control)
What are invariant characteristics?
Feature stored code (relative force, timing, and order of components for movement). (walking pattern remains the same timing
What are parameters?
Changeable features (can walk faster, walk longer)
What are synergies and how are they learned?
Functionally linked muscles that act cooperatively to produce an intended motor action.
They are learned through practice
What is motor learning?
A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior
Is performance a good way to measure motor learning?
Not always.
Practice can temporarily make you good at something, but when you go back to it awhile later or in a different setting it may not be the same. (hitting a ball at the driving range, then trying to play 9 holes)
What is a good way to measure motor learning?
Retention - ability of learner to demonstrate skill over time and after a period of no practice (retention interval)
What is the term for the ability to adapt/refine a learned skill to a changing task and environmental demands (hitting a 7 iron on a course rather then on the driving range)?
Adaptability
What is the schema theory?
slow movements are based on feedback, while rapid movements are program-based.
