Chapter 10 Exam Questions Flashcards
What is a chronic Disease
Chronic diseases:
non-communicable diseases/conditions that cannot be transmitted from person to person;
associated with a multitude of unhealthy habits, poor diet, and lack of physical activity; and
can lead to prolonged illness.
Cardiovascular Disease
chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes are the cause of 65% of all deaths in Canada each year.
Risk factors of Chronic Disease
Risk Factors
Some are modifiable (behaviour, physiological, some community factors)
Some are unmodifiable (age, background, genetic composition)
Each one of these bubbles represents different risk factors or levels for developing Chronic disease. Some of these things you can control (modifiable) Some of them you can’t. THE most important modifiable risk factor for decreasing or reducing your risk of chronic disease is regular exercise.
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
Metabolic syndrome (MetS): group of five risk markers that increase likelihood of developing specific chronic disease.
Large waistline – 102 cm men – 89cm women
High blood pressure
High triglyceride level
Elevated fasting blood sugar
Reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
Cancer
Caused by cumulative DNA damage in which there is uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells anywhere in the body.
Some risk factors include exposure to smoke, carcinogens, radiation, viruses, infections, toxins, genetics, poor diet.
Recognizing symptoms and early diagnosis key to treatment.
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
CVDs: disorders of the heart and blood vessels.
Have seen a decrease in hospitalizations for coronary heart disease
Have seen an increase in cardiovascular conditions earlier in life. (stroke / heart attack)
Evidence that some psychological conditions are tied to CVDs.
the four most common types of CVD are
ischemic heart disease,
myocardial infarction or heart attack
congestive heart failure,
cerebrovascular disease
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
Arteriosclerosis / Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
A group of ischemic CVDs characterized by a narrowing or hardening of the arteries.
Atherosclerosis
A form of arteriosclerosis.
Arterial blockage from buildup of fatty deposits called plaque and can lead to 4 types of CVDs.
Coronary Artery Disease
Blockages in one or more coronary arteries causes insufficient nutrients and O2 to reach the heart.
Can result in:
angina (severe chest pain),
myocardial infarction (MI) (heart attack), or
heart failure and cardiac arrest.
Stroke
Associated with blockages in arteries leading to and in the brain
Types of strokes:
Ischemic
Hemorrhagic
Transient Ischemic Attack
See Table 10.2 for etiology, causes, and signs
Hypertension
Hypertension: high blood pressure.
Blood pressure measured by two numbers.
Systolic—measures arterial pressure when heart beats.
Diastolic—measures arterial pressure when the heart is at rest.
Treatment: lifestyle changes, medication, stress reduction, and regular monitoring.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
COPD—chronic lung disease affecting breathing
Two associated conditions:
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Some treatments to slow symptoms include
stopping smoking or vaping, aerobic exercise, use of inhalers.
Diabetes
Diabetes—health condition when your body cannot regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels.
Hyperclycemia—high blood glucose levels (consistently over 10 mmol/L).
Hypoclycemia—low blood sugar levels (between 2.5 and 4.0 mmol/L).
Normal level—between 4.0 and 7.0 mmol/L.
See Figures 10.15 and 10.16 in text.
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
Prediabetes—consistently higher than normal blood glucose levels, but not diabetic level yet.
See Table 10.3 in text.
Reducing Risk for Chronic Disease
Manage environmental exposures.
Follow a healthy diet.
Maintain physical activity routine.
Evaluate lifestyle and implement lifestyle changes to increase health and quality of life.
Arrange for regular prevention screening through your health care provider.
