Chapter 10: Economic Evaluation

Question 1

are what society, governments or individuals incur to run a program, or to produce something that they desire, like better health.

Answer 1

Costs

Question 2

The measure of all the costs entailed in producing a given level of output. It is a measure of aggregate or combined resource requirements of a particular scale of activity.

Answer 2

Total Costs

Question 3

Is the measure of the total cost of production associated with each unit of output.

Answer 3

Average Costs

Question 4

Is the measure of the resources associated with a small incremental change in output.

Answer 4

Marginal Costs

Question 5

is the cost of “Sacrificing” other outputs/outcomes in favor of a chosen program

Answer 5

Oppurtunity Cost

Question 6

These are costs that can be directly attributed to a specific output or product.

Answer 6

Direct Costs

Question 7

These costs are incurred as a “Sacrifice” for being in an ill health, or in performing a health-producing activity.

Answer 7

Indirect Costs

Question 8

These are costs attached to entities that we cannot touch and feel.

Answer 8

Intangible Costs

Question 9

These are costs for items with a life expectancy of more than a year.

Answer 9

Capital Costs

Question 10

These are costs necessarily incurred each year or each month.

Answer 10

Recurrent Costs

Question 11

These are the effects of the health interventions for which the costs were incurred.

Answer 11

Outcomes

Question 12

These are the “benefits” that individuals and society get in return for undertaking a certain activity.

Answer 12

Outcomes

Question 13

Given a list of options and choosing the best from them all

Answer 13

Decision Making

Question 14

To be able to do this, costs attached to the available options are measured against the health effects or benefits that they will produce.

Answer 14

Comparing costs with benefits

Question 15

This type of economic evaluation technique is most frequently used.

Answer 15

Cost-Effective Analysis

Question 16

It investigates the best way of achieving a single objective by comparing effects and costs.

Answer 16

Cost-Effective Analysis

Question 17

It is a ratio that compares costs per health effect

Answer 17

Total Costs/Total Health Effect

Question 18

This type of economic evaluation technique is a derivation of the CEA but focuses on the costs of different given alternative programs or intervention options.

Answer 18

Cost-Minimization Analysis

Question 19

It assumes that regardless of whichever option is taken, the effects or the outcomes will be identical.

Answer 19

Cost-Minimization Analysis

Question 20

This is another form of CEA but it differs slightly because it measures the effects of a project program in terms of Utilities.

Answer 20

Cost-Utility Analysis

Question 21

Quality-Adjusted Health outcome caused or averted

Answer 21

Utility

Question 22

They are measurements of outcomes that are “quality adjusted.”

Answer 22

Utilities

Question 23

It measures the “efficiencies” of alternative programs - the ability to produce the health effects at the least cost.

Answer 23

Cost-Utility Analysis

Question 24

It measures the “yield” of the alternative Health Interventions

Answer 24

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Question 25

In summary, ______ _______ techniques are valuable tools in assessing the economic feasibility and efficiency of health interventions.

Answer 25

Economic Evaluation

Question 26

“How much health benefit do we get for every peso we spend for these health interventions”

Answer 26

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Question 27

How much money do we spend for every unit of health effect we want to get?

Answer 27

Cost-Utility Analysis

Question 28

Two Basic Principles of Economic Evaluation

Answer 28

Decision Making and Comparing costs with benefits

Question 29

The costs according to the behavior of costs

Answer 29

Total cost
Average cost
Marginal cost
Opportunity cost

Question 30

The costs according to the relationship of costs to the product or service produced

Answer 30

Direct Costs
Indirect Costs
Intangible Costs

Question 31

Costs according to the frequency of incurring costs

Answer 31

Capital Costs

Recurrent Costs

Question 32

Cost Effective Analysis evaluates either:

Answer 32

Which possible intervention will best achieve a given objective at the last cost.
or
When given a fixed budget, which intervention maximized the effectiveness of the expenditure.

Question 33

Economic Evaluation is used to provide a way o assessing whether:

Answer 33

Health resources are used optimally
Health programs are implemented efficiently
Health outputs are Maximized