Chapter 10 - Deviance And Crime

Question 1

Low-consensus deviance

Answer 1

Behaviours or characteristics about which there is considerable disagreement over whether they are deviant or not

Question 2

Social control

Answer 2

Actions that are intended to punish, “fix”, or prevent deviant behaviour

Question 3

Criminologists

Answer 3

Researchers who specialize in the study of crime, which is a specific form of deviant behaviour

Question 4

Criminology

Answer 4

The academic discipline that focuses on the study of crime and those labelled as criminals, and is considered to be either a subdiscipline within sociology or a discipline related to sociology

Question 5

Crime

Answer 5

A specific form of deviance that involves the violation of criminal law

Question 6

Summary conviction offences

Answer 6

Less serious criminal offences that are punishable by a maximum of two years in prison and/or a $2,000 fine

Question 7

Indictable conviction offences

Answer 7

More serious criminal offences punishable by more than two years in prison

Question 8

Violent crimes

Answer 8

Criminal offences that involve physical harm to another person

Question 9

Property crimes

Answer 9

Criminal offences that are directed at someone’s property, rather than at someone’s physical person

Question 10

Victimless crime

Answer 10

Criminal offences that involve consensual relations in the exchange of illegal goods or services

Question 11

White-collar crime

Answer 11

Criminal offences involving the misappropriation of financial resources

Question 12

Corporate crime

Answer 12

Criminal offences carried out by organizations or by knowledgeable employees in the course of their employment

Question 13

Organized crime

Answer 13

Two or more persons consorting together on a continual basis to participate in illegal activities, either directly or indirectly, for gain

Question 14

Internet crime

Answer 14

Criminal offences that take place online

Question 15

Criminal justice system

Answer 15

The social institution responsible for the apprehension, prosecution, and punishment of criminal offenders

Question 16

Retribution

Answer 16

A morally justified consequence

Question 17

Abolitionism

Answer 17

A movement calling for the dismantling of the criminal justice system

Question 18

Restorative justice

Answer 18

An approach to justice emphasizing healing and reparation of harm

Question 19

Institutionalized goals

Answer 19

The goals that we are supposed to aspire to in contemporary society

Question 20

Legitimate means

Answer 20

The socially accepted ways of attaining wealth, power, and prestige

Question 21

Techniques

Answer 21

The skills needed to engage in either deviant or conforming behaviour

Question 22

Motives

Answer 22

The reasons for engaging in either deviant or conforming behaviour

Question 23

Techniques of neutralization

Answer 23

Rationalization that allow us to justify our behaviour to others and to ourselves

Question 24

Primary deviance

Answer 24

The little acts of deviance that many of us engage in occasionally

Question 25

Secondary deviance

Answer 25

Chronic deviance as a lifestyle

Question 26

Stigmatization

Answer 26

The process by which individuals are excluded because of particular behaviours/characteristics

Question 27

Self-surveillance

Answer 27

Monitoring our own behaviours in order to prevent being considered deviant

Question 28

High-consensus deviance

Answer 28

Behaviours or characteristics that are widely accepted as being deviant and in need of social control