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Biology Module 4 Biodiversity, Evolution And Disease > Chapter 10 Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Classification And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

The process of organising living organisms into groups based on similar features

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2
Q

What is the Taxonomic classification system?

A

Seven classification groups ordered in a hierarchy

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3
Q

Name the order of the seven Taxonomic groups

A

Kingdom (largest)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (smallest)

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4
Q

What taxonomic group was added into the classification system?

A

Domain
Added above kingdom

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5
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A

-Identify the species and organism belongs to
-Predict characteristics of a species
-Find evolutionary links between species

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6
Q

Why is a single classification system used?

A

This means scientists worldwide can share their research and links between different species can be made.

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7
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

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8
Q

How are organisms named using binomial nomenclature?

A

First name= Genus
Second name= species (specific name)

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9
Q

What is important to remember when using binomial nomenclature to name organisms?

A

Genus name is capitalised
Species name is lowercase
The handwritten name means the entire name should be underlined.

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10
Q

Why is the classification system of binomial nomenclature used?

A

Universal naming system that allows scientists worldwide to be able to understand what species are being referenced.

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11
Q

What does it mean two organisms share the same taxonomic name?

A

They are related through a common ancestor

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12
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotae (bacteria)
Protoctista (unicellular eukaryote)
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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13
Q

How did the five kingdoms classify organisms?

A

Organisms were classified into these kingdoms based on similarities in their observable features.

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14
Q

State the general features of a Prokaryotae

A

Unicellular
No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Small ribosomes
No visible feeding mechanism
(nutrients obtained through cell wall or produced internally via photosynthesis)

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15
Q

State the general features of a Protoctista

A

Unicellular
Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Some have chloroplasts
Nutrients obtained through photosynthesis, ingestion of other organisms or both
Can be sessile (immobile)
Move via cilia or flagella

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16
Q

State the general features of Fungi

A

Unicellular or Multicellular
Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Cell wall composed of Chitin
No chloroplasts
No mechanisms for locomotion
Mycelium made of threads or hyphae
Stores food as glycogen
Nutrients obtained absorption (saprophytic feeders)

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17
Q

State the general features of Plantae

A

Multicellular
Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Cell wall composed of cellulose
Contain chloroplasts
Immobile
Nutrients obtained via photosynthesis
Store food as starch

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18
Q

State the general features of Animalia

A

Multicellular
Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
No cell walls
No chloroplasts
Mobile with aid of cilia, flagella or contractile proteins
Nutrients obtained by ingestion
Food stored as glycogen

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19
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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20
Q

How did the Domain classification system group organisms?

A

Using differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cells ribosomal RNA, cell membrane lipid structure and sensitivity to antibiotics.

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21
Q

What are the features of the Eukarya domain?

A

-Have 80s ribosomes
-RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

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22
Q

What are the features of the Archaea domain?

A

-70s ribosomes
-RNA polymerase contains 8-10 proteins

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23
Q

What are the features of the Bacteria domain?

A
  • 70 s ribosomes
    -RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins
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24
Q

How did the five kingdoms divide into six?

A

The Prokaryotae group split into the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria groups.
Therefore, resulting in the six kingdoms:
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

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25
Q

What is the difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?

A

Archaebacteria is able to live in extreme environments (eg, anaerobic conditions or thermal hot springs)
Eubacteria is known as true bacteria and is found in all environments.

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26
Q

What is Phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary relationships between organisms

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27
Q

What is a Phylogenetic tree?

A

A diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
The structure shows how closely related different species are and their evolution from a common ancestor.
The closer the branches of the diagram, the closer the evolutionary relationship.

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28
Q

Describe how phylogenetic trees are produced

A

Interpreting the similarities and differences in a species physical characteristics and genetic makeup.

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29
Q

State the advantages of the phylogenetic classification system

A

-Used to confirm or change a species classification group
-A continuous tree is produced meaning organisms are not categorised into a specific group of which they don’t belong
-Equivalence between different organisms is not implied between trees

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30
Q

Describe the key observations that Darwin made

A

-More offspring are produced than can survive
-There is variation in the characteristics of members of the same species
-These characteristic can be passed on from one generation to the next
-Individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

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31
Q

Describe Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Individuals within a population show variation within their phenotype
Selective pressures (environmental factors: predation, disease and competition) decrease chance of survival
Therefore, organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce- passing advantageous alleles to offspring
Over generations this leads to evolution as the advantageous allele becomes more frequent in the gene pool.

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32
Q

How did Wallace contribute to the theory of evolution?

A

Wallace independently proposed the idea of natural selection.
Wallace used observations which provided evidence to support the theory of evolution.
Eg, warning colours are used by species to deter consumption from predators

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33
Q

What sources provided evidence for evolution?

A

-Palaeontology (study of fossils)
-Comparative anatomy (the similarities and differences between an organisms anatomy)
-Comparative biochemistry (the similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms)

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34
Q

How does Palaeontology provide evidence for evolution?

A

Supports the evolutionary theory that simple life forms gradually evolve over time to form more complex organisms.
—> bacteria present in oldest rocks
—-> vertebrates present in recent rocks

Sequence in which the organisms are identified matches their ecological links to each other.
—> plant fossils appear before animal fossils

Similarities in the anatomy of fossil organisms can show how closely related organism have evolved from a common ancestor

Relationships between extinct and living organisms can be investigated

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35
Q

What is a limitation to the evidence provided by palaeontology?

A

The fossil record is incomplete as:
-soft bodied organisms decompose quickly, rarely creating fossils
-conditions required for fossilisation are not always present
-fossils can be destroyed by geological processes
-many fossils are still yet to be discovered

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36
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

Structure that appears superficially different (can perform different functions) in different organisms, however will have the same underlying structure.

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37
Q

What does the presence of homologous structures indicate?

A

Divergent evolution

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38
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

The process by which different species have evolved from a common ancestor, with different adaptive features often as a result of selective pressures.

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39
Q

What are the common molecules used in comparative biochemistry?

A

Ribosomal RNA
Cytochrome c

40
Q

How has comparative biochemistry provided evidence for evolution?

A

Molecules (that are highly conserved) are studied among species.
Slightly changes that occur in these molecules can then help to identify evolutionary links.

41
Q

How is comparative biochemistry used to identify evolutionary links?

A

The molecular sequence of a particular molecule (DNA or protein) is compared.
Species that have similar DNA and proteins are more closely related, whereas those that are distant related have fewer similarities.

42
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences in the characteristics between organisms

43
Q

What is Interspecific variation?

A

Variation in the characteristics between different organisms

44
Q

What is Intraspecific variation?

A

Differences in the characteristics between organisms of the same species

45
Q

What are the factors that can affect the variation of an organism?

A

Genetic variation
Environmental variation

46
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Variation caused by the inheritance of different genes and alleles from parents

47
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

Variation caused by the effects of the environment

48
Q

What are the different causes of genetic variation?

A

Alleles
Mutations
Meiosis
Chance

49
Q

Describe how alleles cause genetic variation

A

Alleles are different forms of the same gene, therefore a gene that determines a particular characteristic will have different alleles that can be inherited

50
Q

Describe how mutations cause genetic variation

A

Mutations cause changes to the DNA base sequence which leads to a change in the proteins which are synthesised.
Mutations can impact the individual or be passed onto offspring through mutated gametes.

51
Q

Describe how meiosis causes genetic variation

A

The genetic material inherited from both parents is varied through independent assortment and crossing over.
This leads to gametes being showing individual variation.

52
Q

Describe how chance can cause genetic variation

A

During sexual reproduction, it is the result of chance as to which two gametes combine.
Random fertilisation.

53
Q

How can genetic variation be increased in organisms that reproduce asexually?

A

Mutations

54
Q

What are the different causes of environmental variation?

A

Scars
Piercings
Tattoos
Acidity of soils

55
Q

What organisms is highly impacted by their environmental habitat?

A

Plants due to their lack of mobility

56
Q

What varying features can be impacted by both genetics and environmental variation?

A

Skin colour
Height
Weight

57
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

A characteristic that can only appear in specific (discrete) values
Eg, sex, blood group
Flower colour, seed shape
Shape of cell, flagella

58
Q

What is the cause of discontinuous variation?

A

Genetics

59
Q

How is discontinuous variation controlled?

A

Controlled by one or two genes

60
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

A characteristic that can take any value within a range
Eg, skin colour, height
Stem length, leaf width

61
Q

What is the cause of continuous variation?

A

Genes and the environment

62
Q

How is continuous variation controlled?

A

Controlled by a number of genes

63
Q

Describe how discontinuous variation data can be represented

A

Using a bar chart or pie chart

64
Q

Describe how continuous variation data can be represented

A

Data is collected in a frequency table and then plotted on a histogram

65
Q

What is a normal distribution curve?

A

Distribution of continuous data resulting in a bell shaped curve

66
Q

What are the characteristics of a normal distribution curve?

A

-mean, median and mode are the same
-symmetry around mean
-most values are plotted close to the mean, with fewer values plotted further away

67
Q

What does standard deviation measure?

A

The spread of data, the greater the standard deviation the larger the spread of data.

68
Q

What is the normal distributions of standard deviation values?

A

68% of values are within 1 S.D of mean
95% of values are within 2 S.D of mean
99.7% of values are within 3 S.D of mean

69
Q

What does the Student t test measure?

A

Compare the means of data values of two sets of data.

70
Q

What does the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient measure?

A

Used to consider the relationship between two sets of data

71
Q

What are the different relationships that can be found when measuring Spearman’s rank?

A

No correlation- no relationship
Positive correlation- as one set of data increases in value so does the other set
Negative correlation- as one set of data increases in value, the other set decreases.

72
Q

What is the value of a positive correlation when measuring Spearman’s rank?

A

+1
(When the value is closer to +1 it is a positive correlation)

73
Q

What is the value of a negative correlation when measuring spearman’s rank?

A

-1
(When the value is closer to -1 it is a negative correlation)

74
Q

What is the value that shows no correlation when measuring spearman’s rank?

A

0

75
Q

What are adaption?

A

Characteristics which increase an organism chance of survival and reproduction

76
Q

What are the different types of adaption?

A

Anatomical
Behavioural
Physiological

77
Q

What are anatomical adaptions?

A

Physical features (internally and externally)

78
Q

What are behavioural adaptions?

A

The way an organism behaves
(Learnt from parents or innate)

79
Q

What are physiological adaptions?

A

Processes that take place inside the organism

80
Q

Give examples of animal anatomical adaptions

A

Body coverings (skin, scales, fur, feathers)
Camouflage
The shape and type of teeth
Mimicry (copying another animals appearance or sounds)

81
Q

Describe the anatomical adaptions of Marram grass

A

-Curled leaves
-Hairs on inner surface of leaf
-Stomata sunk into pits
-Thick waxy cuticles
These adaptions all help to prevent the loss of water by transpiration

82
Q

Give examples of behavioural adaptions

A

Survival behaviours- ‘played dead’, ‘freeze’ response
Courtship behaviours- attracting mates
Seasonal behaviours- enable organisms to cope with changes in their environment
Eg, migration or hibernation

83
Q

Where do behavioural adaptions originate from?

A

-They may be innate where the behaviour is inherited through genes
-They may be learnt through experience or observation
Behaviours may also be a combination of both

84
Q

Give an example of an innate behaviour

A

Web building

85
Q

Give an example of a learnt behaviour

A

Animals that use tools to obtain food

86
Q

Give examples of physiological behaviours

A

-Poison production
-Antibiotic production
-Water storage- storing large amounts of water

87
Q

What is Convergent evolution?

A

This is where an unrelated species shares similar traits as a result of the organism living in similar environments or being subjected to similar selective pressures.

88
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Structures which are adapted to perform the same function but have different genetic origins

89
Q

What are selective pressures?

A

Factors that affect an organisms chances of survival or success to reproduce

90
Q

Describe how marsupials in Australia and placental organisms in North America have evolved by convergent evolution

A

The subclasses of mammals separated from a common ancestor, however marsupials in Australia and placental mammals in North America have produced varieties of species that bear similar resemblance in shape, locomotion and feeding.
This is because they have adapted to similar selective pressures and climates.
There different reproductive methods reflect their distinct evolutionary relationships.

91
Q

Describe the process of natural selection

A

Organisms within a species show variation which is caused by differences in their genotype.
The organisms which are best adapted to their selective pressures are more likely to survive and reproduce, while less well-adapted organisms die or fail to reproduce.
Successful organism pass on the advantageous allele onto their offspring.
Over time the frequency of organisms with the advantageous adaption increases, therefore increasing the frequency of these allele in the gene pool.
Leading to evolution

92
Q

Describe how the evolution of Flavobacterium is beneficial for humans

A

New strain of Flavobacterium surrounding factories that produce nylon 6, have evolved to digest nylon and is therefore beneficial as factory waste is cleared up.
This is also beneficial to the bacteria as it is provided with another source of nutrients.

93
Q

Describe how the antibiotic resistant bacteria have evolved

A

MRSA bacteria have evolved a resistance to antibiotics. The replication of DNA means it can be altered resulting in a mutation.
The mutation provided to be beneficial to the bacteria so the allele was passed onto offspring.

94
Q

Describe how the evolution of Sheep blowflies have impacted humans

A

The blowflies evolved a resistance to the pesticide diazinon which was being used to kill the insects.
This meant the allele was passed onto their offspring providing a resistance to the population.
The blowflies had a pre adaption to another type of organophosphate insecticide which therefore contributed to the development of the diazinon resistance (another organophosphate based chemical)

This is useful as it can help researcher to predict potential insecticide resistance in the future.

95
Q

What is differential survival?

A

Organisms that are best adapted are more likely to survive

96
Q

What is differential reproduction?

A

Advantageous alleles are passed onto offspring, increasing the frequency of the allele in the gene pool

Biology Module 4 Biodiversity, Evolution And Disease (5 decks)

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