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Biology Module 4 Biodiversity, Evolution And Disease > Chapter 10 Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Classification And Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is classification?

A

The process of organising living organisms into groups based on similar features

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2
Q

What is the Taxonomic classification system?

A

Seven classification groups ordered in a hierarchy

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3
Q

Name the order of the seven Taxonomic groups

A

Kingdom (largest)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (smallest)

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4
Q

What taxonomic group was added into the classification system?

A

Domain
Added above kingdom

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5
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A

-Identify the species and the group it belongs to
-Predict characteristics of a species
-Find evolutionary links between species

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6
Q

Why is a single classification system used?

A

This means scientists worldwide can share their research and links between different species can be made.

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7
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

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8
Q

How are organisms named using binomial nomenclature?

A

First name= Genus
Second name= species (specific name)

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9
Q

What is important to remember when using binomial nomenclature to name organisms?

A

Genus name is capitalised
Species name is lowercase
The handwritten name means the entire name should be underlined.

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10
Q

Why is the classification system of binomial nomenclature used?

A

Universal naming system that allows scientists worldwide to be able to understand what species are being referenced.

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11
Q

What does it mean two organisms share the same taxonomic name?

A

They are related through a common ancestor

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12
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotae (bacteria)
Protoctista (unicellular eukaryote)
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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13
Q

How did the five kingdoms classify organisms?

A

Organisms were classified into these kingdoms based on similarities in their observable features.

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14
Q

State the general features of a Prokaryotae

A

Unicellular
No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
Small ribosomes
No visible feeding mechanism
(nutrients obtained through cell wall or produced internally via photosynthesis)

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15
Q

State the general features of a Protoctista

A

Unicellular
Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Some have chloroplasts
Nutrients obtained through photosynthesis- Autotrophic
Or ingestion of other organisms
Heterotrophic
Or both
Can be sessile (immobile) while others move via cilia or flagella

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16
Q

State the general features of Fungi

A

Unicellular or Multicellular
Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Cell wall composed of Chitin
No chloroplasts
No mechanisms for locomotion
Mycelium made of threads or hyphae
Stores food as glycogen
Nutrients obtained absorption (saprophytic feeders)

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17
Q

State the general features of Plantae

A

Multicellular
Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Cell wall composed of cellulose
Contain chloroplasts
Immobile
Nutrients obtained via photosynthesis- Autotrophic
Store food as starch

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18
Q

State the general features of Animalia

A

Multicellular
Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
No cell walls
No chloroplasts
Mobile with aid of cilia, flagella or contractile proteins
Nutrients obtained by ingestion- Heterotrophic
Food stored as glycogen

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19
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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20
Q

How did the Domain classification system group organisms?

A

Using differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cells ribosomal RNA, cell membrane lipid structure and sensitivity to antibiotics.

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21
Q

What are the features of the Eukarya domain?

A

-Have 80s ribosomes
-RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

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22
Q

What are the features of the Archaea domain?

A

-70s ribosomes
-RNA polymerase contains 8-10 proteins

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23
Q

What are the features of the Bacteria domain?

A
  • 70 s ribosomes
    -RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins
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24
Q

How did the five kingdoms divide into six?

A

The Prokaryotae group split into the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria groups.
Therefore, resulting in the six kingdoms:
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

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25
What is the difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?
Archaebacteria is able to live in extreme environments (eg, anaerobic conditions or thermal hot springs) Eubacteria is known as true bacteria and is found in all environments.
26
What is Phylogeny?
The evolutionary relationships between organisms
27
What is a Phylogenetic tree?
A diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The structure shows how closely related different species are and their evolution from a common ancestor. The closer the branches of the diagram, the closer the evolutionary relationship.
28
Describe how phylogenetic trees are produced
Interpreting the similarities and differences in a species physical characteristics and genetic makeup.
29
State the advantages of the phylogenetic classification system
-Used to confirm or change a species classification group -A continuous tree is produced meaning organisms are not categorised into a specific group of which they don’t belong -Equivalence between different organisms is not implied between trees
30
Describe the key observations that Darwin made
-More offspring are produced than can survive -There is variation in the characteristics of members of the same species -These characteristic can be passed on from one generation to the next -Individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
31
Describe Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection
Individuals within a population show variation within their phenotype Selective pressures (environmental factors: predation, disease and competition) decrease chance of survival Therefore, organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce- passing advantageous alleles to offspring Over generations this leads to evolution as the advantageous allele becomes more frequent in the gene pool.
32
How did Wallace contribute to the theory of evolution?
Wallace independently proposed the idea of natural selection. Wallace used observations which provided evidence to support the theory of evolution. Eg, warning colours are used by species to deter consumption from predators
33
What sources provided evidence for evolution?
-Palaeontology (study of fossils) -Comparative anatomy (the similarities and differences between an organisms anatomy) -Comparative biochemistry (the similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms)
34
How does Palaeontology provide evidence for evolution?
Supports the evolutionary theory that simple life forms gradually evolve over time to form more complex organisms. —> bacteria present in oldest rocks —-> vertebrates present in recent rocks Sequence in which the organisms are identified matches their ecological links to each other. —> plant fossils appear before animal fossils Similarities in the anatomy of fossil organisms can show how closely related organism have evolved from a common ancestor Relationships between extinct and living organisms can be investigated
35
What is a limitation to the evidence provided by palaeontology?
The fossil record is incomplete as: -soft bodied organisms decompose quickly, rarely creating fossils -conditions required for fossilisation are not always present -fossils can be destroyed by geological processes -many fossils are still yet to be discovered
36
What is a homologous structure?
Structure that appears superficially different (can perform different functions) in different organisms, however will have the same underlying structure.
37
What does the presence of homologous structures indicate?
Divergent evolution
38
What is divergent evolution?
The process by which different species have evolved from a common ancestor, with different adaptive features often as a result of selective pressures.
39
What are the common molecules used in comparative biochemistry?
Ribosomal RNA Cytochrome c
40
How has comparative biochemistry provided evidence for evolution?
Molecules (that are highly conserved) are studied among species. Slightly changes that occur in these molecules can then help to identify evolutionary links.
41
How is comparative biochemistry used to identify evolutionary links?
The molecular sequence of a particular molecule (DNA or protein) is compared. Species that have similar DNA and proteins are more closely related, whereas those that are distant related have fewer similarities.
42
What is variation?
The differences in the characteristics between organisms
43
What is Interspecific variation?
Variation in the characteristics between different organisms
44
What is Intraspecific variation?
Differences in the characteristics between organisms of the same species
45
What are the factors that can affect the variation of an organism?
Genetic variation Environmental variation
46
What is genetic variation?
Variation caused by the inheritance of different genes and alleles from parents
47
What is environmental variation?
Variation caused by the effects of the environment
48
What are the different causes of genetic variation?
Alleles Mutations Meiosis Chance
49
Describe how alleles cause genetic variation
Alleles are different forms of the same gene, therefore a gene that determines a particular characteristic will have different alleles that can be inherited
50
Describe how mutations cause genetic variation
Mutations cause changes to the DNA base sequence which leads to a change in the proteins which are synthesised. Mutations can impact the individual or be passed onto offspring through mutated gametes.
51
Describe how meiosis causes genetic variation
The genetic material inherited from both parents is varied through independent assortment and crossing over. This leads to gametes being showing individual variation.
52
Describe how chance can cause genetic variation
During sexual reproduction, it is the result of chance as to which two gametes combine. Random fertilisation.
53
How can genetic variation be increased in organisms that reproduce asexually?
Mutations
54
What are the different causes of environmental variation?
Scars Piercings Tattoos Acidity of soils
55
What organisms is highly impacted by their environmental habitat?
Plants due to their lack of mobility
56
What varying features can be impacted by both genetics and environmental variation?
Skin colour Height Weight
57
What is discontinuous variation?
A characteristic that can only appear in specific (discrete) values Eg, sex, blood group Flower colour, seed shape Shape of cell, flagella
58
What is the cause of discontinuous variation?
Genetics
59
How is discontinuous variation controlled?
Controlled by one or two genes
60
What is continuous variation?
A characteristic that can take any value within a range Eg, skin colour, height Stem length, leaf width
61
What is the cause of continuous variation?
Genes and the environment
62
How is continuous variation controlled?
Controlled by a number of genes
63
Describe how discontinuous variation data can be represented
Using a bar chart or pie chart
64
Describe how continuous variation data can be represented
Data is collected in a frequency table and then plotted on a histogram
65
What is a normal distribution curve?
Distribution of continuous data resulting in a bell shaped curve
66
What are the characteristics of a normal distribution curve?
-mean, median and mode are the same -symmetry around mean -most values are plotted close to the mean, with fewer values plotted further away
67
What does standard deviation measure?
The spread of data, the greater the standard deviation the larger the spread of data.
68
What is the normal distributions of standard deviation values?
68% of values are within 1 S.D of mean 95% of values are within 2 S.D of mean 99.7% of values are within 3 S.D of mean
69
What does the Student t test measure?
Compare the means of data values of two sets of data.
70
What does the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient measure?
Used to consider the relationship between two sets of data
71
What are the different relationships that can be found when measuring Spearman’s rank?
No correlation- no relationship Positive correlation- as one set of data increases in value so does the other set Negative correlation- as one set of data increases in value, the other set decreases.
72
What is the value of a positive correlation when measuring Spearman’s rank?
+1 (When the value is closer to +1 it is a positive correlation)
73
What is the value of a negative correlation when measuring spearman’s rank?
-1 (When the value is closer to -1 it is a negative correlation)
74
What is the value that shows no correlation when measuring spearman’s rank?
0
75
What are adaption?
Characteristics which increase an organism chance of survival and reproduction
76
What are the different types of adaption?
Anatomical Behavioural Physiological
77
What are anatomical adaptions?
Physical features (internally and externally)
78
What are behavioural adaptions?
The way an organism behaves (Learnt from parents or innate)
79
What are physiological adaptions?
Processes that take place inside the organism
80
Give examples of animal anatomical adaptions
Body coverings (skin, scales, fur, feathers) Camouflage The shape and type of teeth Mimicry (copying another animals appearance or sounds)
81
Describe the anatomical adaptions of Marram grass
-Curled leaves -Hairs on inner surface of leaf -Stomata sunk into pits -Thick waxy cuticles These adaptions all help to prevent the loss of water by transpiration
82
Give examples of behavioural adaptions
Survival behaviours- ‘played dead’, ‘freeze’ response Courtship behaviours- attracting mates Seasonal behaviours- enable organisms to cope with changes in their environment Eg, migration or hibernation
83
Where do behavioural adaptions originate from?
-They may be innate where the behaviour is inherited through genes -They may be learnt through experience or observation Behaviours may also be a combination of both
84
Give an example of an innate behaviour
Web building
85
Give an example of a learnt behaviour
Animals that use tools to obtain food
86
Give examples of physiological behaviours
-Poison production -Antibiotic production -Water storage- storing large amounts of water
87
What is Convergent evolution?
This is where an unrelated species shares similar traits as a result of the organism living in similar environments or being subjected to similar selective pressures.
88
What are analogous structures?
Structures which are adapted to perform the same function but have different genetic origins
89
What are selective pressures?
Factors that affect an organisms chances of survival or success to reproduce
90
Describe how marsupials in Australia and placental organisms in North America have evolved by convergent evolution
The subclasses of mammals separated from a common ancestor, however marsupials in Australia and placental mammals in North America have produced varieties of species that bear similar resemblance in shape, locomotion and feeding. This is because they have adapted to similar selective pressures and climates. There different reproductive methods reflect their distinct evolutionary relationships.
91
Describe the process of natural selection
Organisms within a species show variation which is caused by differences in their genotype. The organisms which are best adapted to their selective pressures are more likely to survive and reproduce, while less well-adapted organisms die or fail to reproduce. Successful organism pass on the advantageous allele onto their offspring. Over time the frequency of organisms with the advantageous adaption increases, therefore increasing the frequency of these allele in the gene pool. Leading to evolution
92
Describe how the evolution of Flavobacterium is beneficial for humans
New strain of Flavobacterium surrounding factories that produce nylon 6, have evolved to digest nylon and is therefore beneficial as factory waste is cleared up. This is also beneficial to the bacteria as it is provided with another source of nutrients.
93
Describe how the antibiotic resistant bacteria have evolved
MRSA bacteria have evolved a resistance to antibiotics. The replication of DNA means it can be altered resulting in a mutation. The mutation provided to be beneficial to the bacteria so the allele was passed onto offspring.
94
Describe how the evolution of Sheep blowflies have impacted humans
The blowflies evolved a resistance to the pesticide diazinon which was being used to kill the insects. This meant the allele was passed onto their offspring providing a resistance to the population. The blowflies had a pre adaption to another type of organophosphate insecticide which therefore contributed to the development of the diazinon resistance (another organophosphate based chemical) This is useful as it can help researcher to predict potential insecticide resistance in the future.
95
What is differential survival?
Organisms that are best adapted are more likely to survive
96
What is differential reproduction?
Advantageous alleles are passed onto offspring, increasing the frequency of the allele in the gene pool

Biology Module 4 Biodiversity, Evolution And Disease (3 decks)

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