Chapter 10 - Chronic Illness Flashcards
Risk factors of breast cancer
Heavy drinking, smoking, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, low exercise
Heart disease risk factors
Stress (low SES, discrimination, job strain, social instability), personality (hostility, type A, depression), behavioral (diet, exercise, smoking)
Risk factors of prostate cancer
High meat/dairy diet
Risk factors of skin cancer
Not using sunscreen, being out in sun a lot
Denial
Fewer days in ICU, has a protective effect initially. Prolonged denial leads to less adherence, rehospitalization
Anxiety
Increases symptoms among diabetics, gut hyperactivity in IBS
Depression
Exacerbates heart disease, reduces adherence
Spirituality/religion
Live longer, decreases smoking, drinking, depression; increases well being, self control, conscientiousness, better quality of life
Problem-focused coping
Focus on dealing directly with the source of the stress, helpful when people are able to change the stressor in some way (e.g.avoid drop in blood sugar if diabetic by regularly eating small meals)
Emotion-focused coping
Used in response to stressful situations where people believe they have little or no ability to directly reduce or avoid stressor. Focuses on managing the reaction to stress NOT the cause of the stressor itself (e.g. Positive reappraisal, avoidance)
Adherence enhanced if:
High self efficacy, low depression, married, emotional social support, practical social support, spirituality
Writing about negative aspects of illness
Fewer physical symptoms, fewer drs appts. Mediated by self affirmation, cognitive processing, discovering meaning
Use of CBT
Focuses on challenging individuals’ irrational beliefs about their condition and giving them coping skills to handle their illness. Effective for improving mental health people with a chronic disease.
Type A intervention
Teaching people more adaptive ways to deal with their condition – reduces risk of second heart attack
Four types of cancer
Carcinomas (malignancies of tissue cells and cells lining body organs), lymphomas (cancers of the lymphatic system), sarcomas (cancers of the muscles or bones), and leukemia (cancers of the blood cells or bone marrow)
