Chapter 10: Carbohydrates Flashcards
Monosaccharides are […] or […] that have two or more […] groups.
ketones; aldehydes; hydroxyl
List the smallest monosaccharides (2):
- dihydroxyacetone
2. D/L glyceraldehyde
How many carbons are within the smallest monosaccharides?
three
Dihydroxyacetone is called a […] while D/L glyceraldehyde are known as […].
ketose; aldoses
Stereoisomers vs constitutional isomers:
stereoisomers– isomers that differ in spatial arrangement
constitutional isomers– differ in how the atoms are ordered
What type of stereoisomer are L/D glyceraldehyde?
enantiomers
What are the categories of isomers?
- constitutional isomers
- stereoisomers
2a. enantiomers
2b. diastereoisomers
ba. epimers
bb. anomers
The designation of alpha means that the hydroxyl group attached to C-1 is […]; beta means that it is […].
below the plane of the ring; above the plane of the ring
In the chair form, the substituents on the ring carbon atoms have two orientations: […] and […].
Axial bonds are […] to the average plane of the ring, whereas equatorial bonds are […].
axial; equatorial
perpendicular; parallel
Axial substituents […] each other if they emerge on the same side of the ring. In contrast, equatorial substituents are […].
sterically hinder; less crowded
The biochemical properties of monosaccharides can be modified by reaction with other molecules. What are the common reactants?
- alcohols
- amines
- phosphates
Glycosidic bond is a bond formed between…
anomeric carbon atom of glucose and the oxygen atom of an alcohol
Oligosaccharides are built by…
the linkage of two or more monosaccharides by O-glycosidic bonds
Which enzymes act to synthesize olgiosaccharides?
glycosyltransferases
What are the abundant disaccharides we encounter?
sucrose, lactose, maltose
Beta-1,4 glycosidic linkage forms:
The two monomers brought together are:
lactose
galactose and glucose
Alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkage forms:
The two monomers that form this are:
maltose
glucose and glucose
Role of large polymeric oligosaccharides:
- energy storage
2. maintaining the structural integrity of an organism
What is the most common homopolymer in animal cells? What is its main role?
glycogen– the storage of glucose
The most common homopolymer in plants is […] which comes in two forms […] and […].
starch; amylose; amylopectin
Amylose vs amylopectin:
As– unbranched type of starch; glucose residues in an alpha-1,4 linkage
Ap: branched form of starch; one alpha-1,6 linkage per 30 alpha-1,4 linkages
Amylopectin, amylose, and glycogen are rapidly hydrolyzed by […] secreted by […] and the […].
alpha-amylase; salivary glands; pancreas
