Chapter 10: CAGE(s) and Education Flashcards
What is streaming?
The educational practice of grouping and teaching children according to different levels of ability, either informally in a classroom or more formally within secondary educational programs (basic or advanced pathways)
Why is the obtainment of education important and what is it affected by?
The pursuit of higher education is often viewed as an accessible and practical avenue for obtaining upward mobility.
Usually, highly educated people are employed in well-paid jobs with relatively high degrees of autonomy and authority.
However, the chances of attaining higher education and of obtaining a degree that will result in substantial labour-market returns are significantly affected by one’s class, race or ethnicity, gender and age.
What was the first intention of schooling when it began?
To create agreeable and obedient workers and a contented working class that would benefit the colonizers - structured by racist, sexist, and class-based ideologies Children were not encouraged to strive beyond their social roots School was not intended to achieve societal equity (or even equality on the basis of "merit") Men were taught how to farm and women taught how to do "domestic duties"
How does class affect our educational achievement?
The effect of class on the educational attainment of Canadians has been described by Guppy and Davies as a particularly “enduring” feature of inequality.
The education achieved by our parents and the kind of work that they perform have an undeniable influence on our early school experiences and on our level of educational attainment
What are the effects of social class on streaming?
Children from lower-class and lower-middle-class backgrounds found to be much more likely to end up in special education or remedial programs at the elementary-school level
Children from the highest socio-economic backgrounds were significantly less likely to be receiving remedial education than those from the lowest socio-economic backgrounds.
Children from the highest socio-economic backgrounds were also significantly more likely to be enrolled in some form of a gifted educational program (9%) than children from the lowest socio-economic backgrounds (5%).
Students with the highest socio-economic status were “two to three times as likely” to be ranked among the best in the class by their teachers in reading, writing, and math.
What is cultural capital described by Bourdieu?
Collective dispositions, likes, dislikes, and typical recreational pursuits of the privileged classes in a given society.
These activities (reading the newspaper, going to museums, golfing, and so on) are transmitted from one generation to the next through family socialization in a middle- to upper-middle-class milieu.
Children from these families achieve higher levels of cultural capital and are therefore at an advantage in the educational process, where many of their activities and world views are taken for granted and are expected forms of knowledge.
What is social capital described by Bourdieu?
The social networks and informational resources from which individuals are able to draw upon in their daily lives.
The possession of large amounts of social capital presumes high reserves of economic and cultural capital, as it is through moneyed, educational, and prestige connections that valuable social networking is accomplished
ex. familiarity with the meaning of certain terms, such as special education, while navigating through the education system
What is special education?
A form of educational delivery designed to address educational deficiencies and/or difficulties (ex. social or behavioural problems, learning disabilities). This program may be offered directly in the classroom or it may involve separate classroom or teacher time for the student.
How does coming from a low SES family affect educational attainment?
- Lower SES children are more likely to face academic setbacks in the long term, including an increased likelihood of dropping out of school
- Lower likelihood of attending prestigious post-secondary institutions
- Only a minority of high-achieving low-income students apply to colleges and universities
- Social class is typically the strongest predictor of academic inequality in North America
What is summer setback? Who does this affect most often?
The loss of numeracy and literacy among students during the summer months. Children from low-SES suffer the most, while high-SES students continue to gain valuable academic skills during the summer
- the summer months result in a literacy gap of roughly three months between lower and higher SES children
How does education attainment affect unemployment rates?
Unemployment rate for those with a high-school diploma: 16.4%
Unemployment rate for those with a university degree: 5.8%
- most jobs require some form of post-secondary education
What are the dropout rates based on social class?
The high school drop out rate has decreased quite dramatically, from 17% to 7.8% by 2011-12, however
- 11.7% from the lowest-SES dropped out by age 19
- 3.6% from the highest-SES
Parent education is important for dropout rates:
- 25% of students whose parents did not high school also dropped out
- 7% of youth who had one parent who completed post-secondary
Location affects rates:
- students from cities less likely to drop out than students from small rural towns
How have the costs of education changed in recent decades?
Tuition has increased 44% from 1995 to 2005, this has far exceeded the annual inflation rate in Canada
- more than 1/3 of youth who have not yet attended post-secondary report that financial barriers have prevented them
50% of 19yo youth in top income quartile attended university, compared to 31% in bottom income quartile
- a clear relationship between family income levels and the chance or likelihood of continuing to post-secondary and particularly education
How does parental educational achievement affect child educational achievement?
Parent educational achievement is the biggest determinant in their children’s educational attainment.
Individuals whose parents had some post-secondary education were twice as likely to have a university degree compared to those whose parents have no university education, and this has changed little over time
How does social class affect returns (wages) in the labour-market?
Higher levels of education tends to lead to more authoritative and higher-paying jobs, but as education level increases so does tuition
Students who come from more highly educated families maintain their advantage throughout university and into the labour market, because they can afford higher levels of education
