Chapter 10 - Blood constituents

Question 1

What is blood?

Answer 1

Blood is a tissue which circulates in a closed system of blood vessles.

Question 2

What does blood consist of?

Answer 2

Blood consists of solid elements (red and white blood cells, and platelets) suspended in plasma

Question 3

What are the function of blood?

Answer 3

1. Respiration.
2. Nutrition.
3. Excretion.
4. Transport of hormones and metabolites.
5. Defense against infections
6. Coagulation.
7. Maintenance of acid-base balance
8. Regulation of water balance.
9. Regulation of body temperature.

Question 4

How is phosphorus present in the blood?

Answer 4

• Organic form (about 70% of the total, as phosphoproteins, phospholipids).
• Inorganic form (about 25%, as phosphate).

Question 5

How much of the inorganic phosphate in non-covalently bound to plasma proteins+

Answer 5

5%

Question 6

What is the function on chloride in the blood?

Answer 6

Chloride ions are essential in water balance, osmotic pressure regulation, and acid-base equilibrium (the chloride shift).

Question 7

What function does chloride ions have in gastric juice?

Answer 7

In gastric juice, chloride ions are of special importance in the production of hydrochloric acid.

Question 8

How does a low-salt diet affect the level of chloride and sodium?

Answer 8

In a low-salt diet, the level of chloride and sodium decrease in urine.

Question 9

How does a loss of chloride in excess of sodium occur?

Answer 9

A loss of chloride in excess of sodium occurs during vomiting or duodenal obstruction. this leads to a decrease in plasma chloride with a complementary increase in bicarbonate and a resultant hypochloremic alkalosis.

Question 10

Where is the chloride concentration the highest?

Answer 10

The chloride concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is higher than in other body fluids.

Question 11

What happens with phosphate ions when mixed with ammonium molydate in acidic pH?

Answer 11

Phosphate ions form a yellow ammonium phosphomolybdate with ammonium molybdate, in acidic pH.

Question 12

What is the normal level of hemoglobin in the blood?

Answer 12

The normal level of Hb is 14-16g/dL of blood.

Question 13

What happens when the hemoglobin concentration falls below the normal value?

Answer 13

When the hemoglobin concentration falls below the normal value, anemia occurs.

Question 14

Anemia results either from:

Answer 14

• a decreased rate of red blood cells production.
• their increased degradation (e.g. in acute or chronic hemorrhages, intoxication).
• by a failure in hemoglobin biosynthesis (e.g. lack f iron and/or protein in the diet).

Question 15

Where is most bilirubin derived from?

Answer 15

Most bilirubin (about 80%) is derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin, derived from senescent red blood cells.

Question 16

What other sources can bilirubin be derived from?

Answer 16

• Much smaller amount comes from other hemoproteins such as catalase, myoglobin, cytochromes (about 15%), and even smaller fraction from “ineffective erythropoiesis” (about 5%).

Question 17

Where does hemoglobin degradation take place?

Answer 17

Hemoglobin degradation takes place in the reticuloendothelial cells of liver, spleen and bone marrow.

Question 18

How much Hb is degraded daily in adults?

Answer 18

Approximately 6-9g of Hb is degraded daily in adults.

Question 19

Study page 87 and page 88

Answer 19

Last paragraph on page 87 and the whole page 88.