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Biology AS level section 4 > Chapter 10 - Biodiversity > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity

A

diversity of living organisms

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2
Q

what is the definition for a species

A

A group of organisms with similar features, that can reproduce together to produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

what is courtship behaviour with the 5 courtship behaviours

A

it is a necessary precursor to mating and increases the chance for successful mating by:
1. recognition of the same species
2. Synchronising mating
3. recognition of the opposite sex
4. Indication of sexual maturity/fertility
5. formation of a pair to have/raise young

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4
Q

what is taxanomy

A

the theory and practice of biological classification

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5
Q

what is classification

A

organisation of organisms into groups (taxon /taxa pl)

  • classification is based on a taxonomic hierarchy
  • smaller taxa are placed in larger taxa
  • no overlap between taxa
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6
Q

example of a diagram showing the classification of a leopard

A
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7
Q

example of a taxonomic hierarchy of a tiger

A

Domain (largest taxon) Eukarya
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Carnivora
Family - Felidae
Genus - Panthera
Species (smallest taxon)- tigris

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8
Q

What are the features of the binomial naming system

A

Each species is identified by a binomial - two names
Uses Latin – universal language
Genus name followed by species name
Genus name always starts with a capital letter
Species name always starts with a lower case letter
Underlined if handwritten
Italics if typed
Example: Man = Homo sapiens
Homo = genus name, sapiens = species name

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9
Q

What is Phylogeny

A

It is a classification based on evolutionary origins and relationships
It is a hierarchical system - smaller groups inside larger groups
Tree like diagrams - the closer the branches the closer the evolutionary relationship.

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10
Q

What is biodiversity

A

diversity of living things. Relates to a range of habitats from a small habitat e.g. a pond, to the Earth

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11
Q

What is the definition of a population

A

all the individuals of one species living in one habitat at one time

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12
Q

What is a community

A

is all the populations of different species living in one habitat at one time

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13
Q

What are the two ways that biodiversity can be measured

A

Species richness
Species diversity index

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14
Q

What is species richness

A

the number of species in a community. Only tells us the number of different species within a community, not their distribution within species

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15
Q

What is species diversity index

A

describes the relationship between the number of species in a community, and the number of individuals in each species. Shows the distribution of individuals of species in a community. Used to compare habitats and any changes in biodiversity over time.

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16
Q

How do you calculate the index of diversity

A

d = index of diversity
N = total number of individuals of all species,
n = total number of individuals of each species
∑ = sum off
The higher the species diversity the greater the biodiversity and the more evenly spread numbers are, with no dominant species

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17
Q

How does agriculture affect biodiversity

A
  • Farmers use a monoculture to increase yield and profit which will reduce biodiversity
  • Farmers also use herbicides, pesticides to reduce competition and crop damage
  • They also remove hedgerows to increase field size for machinery
  • This removes food sources and habitats for other organisms reducing biodiversity further
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18
Q

what are the arguments for maintaining biodiversity

A

Conserve species to maintain biodiversity
Prevents habitat loss
Sources of medicine/drugs/wood – current and future
For tourism

19
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation

A
20
Q

What are the two main techniques used to measure genetic diversity

A
  • Comparing the frequency of measurable or observable characteristics
  • Automated gene technology
21
Q

comparing the frequency of observable or measurable characteristics uses and limitations

A
  • Used to identify organisms into species
  • based on the idea that observable characteristics are determined by genes so can be used to determine genetic diversity

Limitations:
* Observable characteristics are determined by many genes
* Environmental modification

22
Q

What are the three methods that gene technology can measure genetic diversity in order of reliability

A
  1. Comparing base sequence of DNA
  2. Comparing base sequence of mRNA (No introns where a lot of mutations occur)
  3. Comparing amino acid sequence of a polypeptide (DNA is degenerate so multiple amino acids can code of the same polypeptide
23
Q

What is the definition of quantitative

A

Collecting numerical data

24
Q

examples of investigations of quantitative phenotypic variation

A

height of organisms, number of prickles on holly leaves

25
Q

Why should quantitative data be collected using large random sampling

A
  • Large sample size - data is representative of the whole population
  • Random sampling - reduces bias so makes data more reliable

Random sapling takes less time but only provides an estimate

26
Q

Method to collect random samples

A
  1. Split area into squares.
  2. Generate random coordinates using a random number generator on a calculator
  3. Collect quantitative data at each coordinate
  4. repeat using a large numb er of random coordinates
27
Q

How is quantitative data shown on a graph and what is on the axes

A
  • Shown using a normal distribution curve
  • shows continues variation

X axis - variable being measured
Y axis - frequency

28
Q

What is the mean median and mode

A

Mean - the sum of all the values / the total number of values
Median - arrange all of the values in ascending order and find the middle value
Mode - most frequent value

29
Q

What is standard deviation and what percentage of the data is found in one and two standard deviations (s.d.)

A
  • spread of data around the mean
  • used to reduce the effect of anomalies
  • used to tell the difference between data sets is significant or not

±1 standard deviation from the mean - 68% of all measurements

±2 standard deviations from the mean - 95% of all measurements

30
Q

How do you calculate standard deviation

A
  • find the mean
  • take the mean away from each value
  • square each new value
  • add all of these together
  • divide by the total number of values - 1
  • square root
31
Q

What are statistical tests

A
  • They are used to test the significance of differences/correlation
  • identify the probability of results occurring by chance

( You will need to choose which statistical test to use and why.)
(You will need to interpret results from statistical tests)

32
Q

What is probabiltiy

A

The likelihood of something happening
(decimal or percent)

33
Q

What is significance

A

If there is less than or equal to a 5% probability that a difference or correlation is due to chance then i is said to be a significant difference or correlation.

34
Q

What are the three statistical tests

A

Spearman’s rank
Chi squared
Student t-test

35
Q

What is spearman’s rank

A

Used to test the significance of a correlation between two variables of paired data

E.g: investigating the relationship between light intensity and height of nettles

36
Q

What is chi squared

A

Used to test the significance of a difference between observed and expected frequencies when data is counted in categories

E.g: Investigating the number of snails found on the north and south facing sides of a wall

37
Q

What is a student t-test

A

Used to test the significance of a difference between the means of two sets of data when data is interval data (measured data)

E.g: investigating the height of year 7s and year 13s

38
Q

What is a null hypothesis and how do they start

A

A staring point for every statistical test and always starts with:

There is no significant…

39
Q

What is an example of a null hypothesis for spearman’s rank

A

There is no significant correlation between the two variables

Example: there is no significant correlation between light intensity and height of nettles

40
Q

What is an example of a null hypothesis for chi squared

A

There is no significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies

Example: there is no significant difference between the number of snails on the N and S facing sides of the wall

41
Q

What is an example of a null hypothesis for student t-test

A

There is no significant difference between the means of two data sets

Example: there is no significant difference between the mean height of Year 7s and Year 13s

42
Q

What two events can happen at the end of every statistical test

A
  1. Accept the null hypothesis
    * the difference or correlation is not significant
    * there is more than a 5% probability it occurs by chance
  2. Reject the null hypothesis
    * the difference or correlation is significant
    * there is a less than or equal to 5% probability it occurs by chance
43
Q

Table showing all of the information about the 3 stats tests

A

Biology AS level section 4 (3 decks)

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