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A&P I - Test 5 > Chapter 10 and 11.5 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 and 11.5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Microglia?

A

Neuroglial cells that preform phagocytosis.

-Remove bacterial cells and debris.

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1
Q

List the characteristics of the nasal nuclei and define it

A

Characteristics: * Receives input from the entire cerebral cortex.

* Relay station for motor impulses leaving the CNS.

Define: *‘Influences the intensity and fine control of many muscle movements, helps with balance and equilibrium with motor control.

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1
Q

What does the Amygdala do?

A

Assigns an emotional value to memories.

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1
Q

Where are Potassium and Sodium ions located in a resting cell?

A

Potassium ions are high on the inside.

Sodium ions are high on the outside.

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1
Q

What does the Oculomotor (III) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

innervates eye muscles; motor

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1
Q

What does the Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

sense of hearing and equilibrium; sensory

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2
Q

In a resting neuron potassium and sodium ion concentrations are?

A
  • Potassium ions are high on the inside.
  • Sodium ions are high on the outside.
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2
Q

What does the abducens (VI) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

Innervates eye muscles; motor

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3
Q

What is Synaptic Transmission?

A

Nerve impulses are transferred from one neuron to the next through synaptic transmission

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4
Q

What are 2 ways neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse?

A
  1. Enzymes present in the synaptic cleft breakdown NTs, Acetylcholinesterase for Acetylcholine
  2. NTs are reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic knob.
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5
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Neuroglial cells that line the spaces in the CNS

(Brain & Spianl Cord), found with
Cerebrospinal fluid.

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5
Q

List the characteristics of Interneurons?

A

Located within the CNS

Link the sensory neuron to the motor neuron.

Provides integrative function.

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5
Q

What does the Optic (II) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

sense of vision; sensory

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7
Q

What is Hyperpolarization?

A

Beyond resting membrane potential.

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8
Q

What is the resting membrane potential and Threshold potential for a Neuron?

A

-70mV and 50mV

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9
Q

Define Neuron

A

Neuron - the functional unit of the nervous system

Each neuron is composed of a cell body and many cellular projections from the cell body.

Neuron Processes (Nerver Fibers) -

extensions from the cell body (Dendrites & Axon)

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9
Q

Define threshold stimulus.

A

Threshold Potential mins Resting Membrane Potential.

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10
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain?

A

* Cerebrum * Cerebellum * Diencephalon * Brain stem

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12
Q

What is a polarized membrane?

A

An electrical charged membrane.

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15
Q

What occurs during condution with myelinated nerve fibers?

A

NI jumps from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier.

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15
Q

What does the Vagus (X) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

innervates visceral smooth muscle; mixed

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16
Q

What does the Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

moves tongue and pharynx muscles; mixed

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18
Q

List the characteristics of Motor Neuon.

A

Located within the PNS

Efferent neuorns

Carry motor impulses away from the CNs to the effectors.

Carries information from the CNS

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19
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system and their components?

A

Centeral Nervous System

  • Brain and Spinal Cord.

Peripheral Nervous System

  • Nervous that extend from brain and spinal cord to periphery of the body.
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19
Q

What is summation?

A

Several subthreshold stimuli received one after another hits threshold potential, triggering an action potential and begins a nerve impulse on a neuron.

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20
Q

What is the all or nothing response for a nerve cell?

A

If a nerve cell responds at all, it responds completely

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21
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is the persistence of the learning with the ability to access that information.

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21
Q

What does the Facial (VII) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

innervates muscles of facial expression and taste sensation; Mixed.

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22
Q

Define Axonal Hillock

A

Trigger zone

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24
Q

Define Repolarization.

A

Returning to resting membrane potential.

27
Q

Explain Intergrative Function

A

Occurs at CNS

Involves interpretation of incoming sensory impulse

Intergration occurs at interneurons

28
Q

What does the Hippocampus do?

A

involved with episodic memory formation

30
Q

Define Dendrites

A

Several dendrites per neuron

Short and branched

Receptive portion of neuron

Carry nerve impulses toward cell body.

31
Q

What does the Accessory (XI) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

innervate neck muscles; motor

33
Q

What are Oligodendrocyte?

A

Neuroglial cells that
produce myelin along the axons of the CNS

34
Q

Explain Motor Function

A

Occurs vis PNS

Involves effectors and brings about the body’s response

Motor impulse is carried on a motor neuron

35
Q

What makes a neuron have a resting membrane potential of -70mV?

A

It is the flow of ions across the membrane

36
Q

What occurs during condiction with unmyelinated nerve fibers?

A

The NI must travel the length of the axon = slow transmission.

37
Q

What are the three general functions of the Nervous System?

A
  1. Sensory input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor Function
37
Q

Define the limbic system

A

Define:

* Recognizes life-threatening upsets in a person’s physical or psychological condition and counters them.

38
Q

What does the Olfactory (I) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

sense of smell; sensory

39
Q

Explain Sensory Input

A

Derived from the PNS

Sensory receptors transmit sensory impulses to the CNS

Sensory impulse are carried on sensory neuron.

40
Q

List the characteristics of the limbic system

A

Characteristics:

* Includes the frontal and temporal cortex, basal and deep nuclei.

* Controls emotional experience and expression.

* Sense of smell

41
Q

What does the Trigeminal (V) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

face sensation and muscle of mastication; mixed.

43
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A

Provides nourishment to the neuon.

Aids in metabolism

Respond to brain injury and form the blood-brain barrier.

44
Q

Define Depolarization.

A

To become less negative.

46
Q

What are Schwann Cells?

A

Neuroglial cells that

produce myelin along axon in the PNS.

48
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

The propagation of action potentials along a nerve fiber

  • Also known as an electrical impulse
49
Q

List the characteristics of the withdraw reflex and define it.

A

* Disynaptic reflex: contains all three.

* Cross-extensor type reflex: information arriving from one side of the spinal cord leads to events on the opposite side.

50
Q

What is Potential differenance?

A

The difference in electrical charge between 2 points (inside and outside of membrane)

Determind by the flow of ions across the membrane.

51
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The period following a nerve impulse when a threshold stimulus cannot produce another nerve impulse.

52
Q

List the five Neurogloical cells.

A

Schwann Cells

Oligodcendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

53
Q

Define Axon

A

One per Neuron

Long,thin process that branches

Carry impulse away from cell body

Terminations of axon branch form axonal terminal (synaptic knob).

54
Q

What does the Trochlear (IV) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

innervates eye muscle; motor

55
Q

List the characteristics of Sensory Neurons.

A

Part of the PNS

Afferent neurons

Carry sensory impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

Input information to CNS

Receptors located throughout the skin and sense organs.

56
Q

What does the Hypoglossal (XII) nerve do and what kind of nerve is it? (Sensory, Motor, or Mixed)

A

moves tongue; motor

57
Q

Define Threshold potential.

A

The mininium potential need for reaction.

58
Q

What is conduction?

A

The manner is which the nerve impulse runs down the neuron (Nerve fiber).

59
Q

List the characteristics of the knee-jerk reflex and define it.

A

Characteristics:

* Contains only 2 neurons

* Does not contain the interneuron.

* Monosynaptic reflex

Define:

* Leads to extension at the knee due to contraction of the Quadriceps group.

60
Q

The brain stem consists of what parts and together what function do they have?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata

Serves as a pathway for fiber tracts running to and from the cerebrum and houses many cranial nerves

61
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A
  • Central relay station for incoming sensory impulses (except smell).
  • Directs the impulse to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex for interpretation.
62
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates:

  • Heart rate and blood pressure
  • Body temperature
  • Ion balance
  • Control of hunger and body weight
  • Control of digestive movements and secretions
  • Circadian rhythms
  • Endocrine system control
63
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Controls visual and auditory reflexes

64
Q

What does the pons do?

A

“Bridge” or pathway of conduction tracts from higher brain to spinal cord.

65
Q

What does the medulla oblongatta do?

A
  • Contains an autonomic reflex center involved with maintaining homeostasis.
  1. Vasomotor Center- regulates smooth muscle activity.
  2. Cardiac Center – regulates heart activity; heart rate and blood pressure.
  3. Respiratory Center – regulates respiration.
66
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A
  • Controls brain alertness.
  • When RF activity is inhibited, it leads to sleep.
67
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates skeletal muscle activity (unconscious), posture and balance.

68
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Carry on higher intellectual processes such as logic, consequences, reasoning, and overall rational thinking.

69
Q

What does the parietal lobes do?

A

Sensory areas provide sensations of pain, temperature, touch, and pressure

70
Q

What do the temporal lobes do?

A
  • Sensory areas involved with hearing.
  • Association areas interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns.
71
Q

What do the occipital lobes do?

A

Sensory areas are responsible for vision.

72
Q

List the charactertistics of the Broca’s Area

A
  • Motor speech area.
  • Located in the left frontal lobe, above the temporal lobe.
  • Controls muscle activity involved with speech.
73
Q

List the characteristics of Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Located where the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes associate.
  • Involved with word selection, phrasing, and word order during speech.

A&P I - Test 5 (1 decks)

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